Cytotoxic-drug delivering molecules targeting HIV (CDM-Hs), cytotoxic activity against the human immunodeficiency virus and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to new bifunctional compounds and methods for treating HIV infections. The bifunctional small molecules, generally referred to as CDM-Hs, function through orthogonal pathways, by inhibiting the gp120-CD4 interaction, and by introducing cytotoxic moieties to gp120-expressing cells, thereby causing cell death and preventing cell infection and spread of HIV. It is shown that CDM-Hs bind to gp120 and gp-120 expressing cells competitively with CD4, and these compounds cause cell death of HIV-infected cells, thereby decreasing viral infectivity. Compounds and methods are described herein.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND GRANT SUPPORT

This application is a United States national phase application of andclaims priority from international patent application no.PCT/US2013/032044 filed 15 Mar. 2013, which claims priority fromprovisional application serial number U.S. 61/638,569 entitled,“Cytotoxic-drug Delivering Molecules Targeting HIV”, filed Apr. 26,2012, the entire contents of said applications being incorporated byreference herein.

This invention was made with government support under grant numberOD002913 awarded by National institutes of Health. The government hascertain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel class of small molecules thathave the capacity to deliver cytotoxic therapeutics to HIV infectedcells. These molecules, called cytotoxic-drug delivering moleculestargeting HIV (CDM-Hs) contain an HIV gp 120 binding terminus referredto as the HIV binding terminus (VICB) that binds to the CD4 pocket ongp120. The VICB is covalently linked, through a specifically labilelinker (in preferred embodiments, through a primary linker), to acytotoxic agent (CYT), such as doxorubicin, chlorambucil or othercytotoxic agent as otherwise described herein. These bifunctionalcytotoxic-drug delivering molecules of the present inventionmechanistically target and inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infection through binding to the HIV glycoprotein gp 120, while alsodelivering a cytotoxic agent to enhance therapy of HIV.

BACKGROUND AND GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE INVENTION

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce HIVviremia to nearly undetectable levels in infected individuals throughsuppression of the viral lifecycle, however there are increasingproblems associated with long-term toxicity, therapeutic compliance,high cost and the emergence of resistant strains.^(1,2) In addition,suppressive treatment strategies lead to the formation of latentreservoirs of low-level HIV-1 replication. Upon treatment cessation,these persistent sources lead to rapid HIV-1 rebound;³⁻⁵ thus, strictadherence to rigorous life-long treatment is required. Given these majorbarriers, new therapeutic strategies that are capable of eliminatingthese persistent reservoirs are critical to eradication of HIVinfection.

Currently, one of the most investigated strategies aimed to cure HIVinfection is the development of an HIV vaccine, however, as discussed inChapter 2, major barriers have thwarted these efforts in the pastquarter century. These barriers include HIV's enormous genetic diversityand propensity for genetic recombination, its detrimental toll on theimmune system through the destruction of T cells, HIV's highly-evolvedimmune evasion strategies, and lastly, the establishment of latentreservoirs in which HIV is immunologically silent.⁶ The major feature ofHAART is its ability to block HIV replication and prevent new infection,however it fails at killing cells that are already infected. Thus,strategies that complement HAART-induced suppression by directly killinginfected cells (including elimination of latent reservoirs) representenormous potential towards efforts to cure HIV.⁷

Targeting HIV-Infected Cells with Cytotoxic Conjugates

Because Env resides on the surfaces of free virions and infected cells,and also mediates virus entry into host cells, numerous strategies forcytotoxic targeting of Env-expressing cellular reservoirs have beeninvestigated. As discussed throughout the entirety of this thesis,ARM-Hs have the promise of being such a strategy, as we havedemonstrated their success at not only inhibiting viral fusion, andtherefore suppressing replication, but also at targeting HIV-1 gp120expressing cells for immune-mediated toxicity. In addition, pioneeringwork focused on developing “immunotoxins,” Env-targeting proteinconstructs conjugated to potent cellular toxins. Berger and colleaguespublished the first example of this class with their gp120-targetingCD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) chimera, CD4-PE40.⁸ Significantgp120-specific cellular toxicity (of both Env-transfected cells andconstitutively HIV-infected cell lines) and inhibition of spreadinginfection by CD4-PE40 was demonstrated in vitro.^(9-12, 96) This earlysuccess made it the only immunotoxin to enter Phase I clinical trials,where it failed due to a complete lack of antiviral activity at themaximum dosage which was limited by severe hepatocellular injury. ¹³⁻¹⁵More recently, Pastan and co-workers conjugated PE to the single-chainFv fragment of the broadly neutralizing 3B3 anti-gp120 antibody,yielding an antibody-toxin chimera, PE38, which demonstrated potentspecific toxicity to Env-transfected cells as well as a chronicallyHIV-infected lymphocytic cell line.^(11, 16) Importantly, PE38demonstrated 20-30-fold more effective killing of HIV-infected cellsthan CD4-PE40 and is hypothesized to possess significantly lesshepatotoxcity.^(11, 17) Most recently, it has been demonstrated thatthese chimeras dramatically augment the antiviral activity of HAART inthy/liv-SCID-Hu mice,¹⁷ providing promising evidence that suchsynergistic clinical strategies may indeed lead to an eradicationstrategy for HIV infection.⁷ Other notable examples include work by Rootet al. who recently developed a 5-Helix protein-PE chimera that binds toHIV-1 gp41, demonstrating potent cytotoxicity towards HIV-1 infectedcells. In work by Johansson et. al., the potent DNA-intercalating smallmolecule drug doxorubicin was conjugated to an anti-gp120 mAb and thenadministered to mice possessing HIV-1/MuLV-infected splenocytes,resulting in the elimination of the infection.¹⁸

Collectively, this work demonstrates the overwhelming promise ofstrategies to direct targeted cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells.However, all previously reported strategies utilize protein constructs,which have shown acute toxicity and immunogenicity in cellularsystems^(7, 19) and are inherently limited by the characteristics of allprotein therapeutics.²⁰ These limitations include the potential forlife-threatening allergic reactions, poor tissue penetration,immunogenicity (even in the case of “humanized” proteins),²¹ lack oforal bioavailability, requirement for low-temperature storage, and highcost.²² Given the promise of such approaches, we sought to overcometheir limitations by utilizing our gp120-targeting small moleculescaffold to deliver cytotoxic compounds to HIV-infected cells. Inaddition, such agents might prove particularly useful ifantibody-mediated killing (via ARM-Hs) proves ineffective in vivo, or inpatients with highly compromised immune systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Cytotoxic-drug Delivering MoleculesTargeting HIV (CDM-Hs) compounds according to the general formula:

Where CYT is a moiety of a cytotoxic agent capable of causing death of acell into which it is introduced;VICB is a virus invasion cell binding moiety comprising a group which iscapable of binding to gp120 envelope protein on HIV virus or a cellsurface of CD4 cells which are infected with HIV (HIV+) in said patient;LL is a labile linker molecule which chemically links CYT to CON in amolecule either directly or optionally, through a non-labile linker andis labile when said compound enters a cell;NLL is a non-labile linker molecule which chemically links VICB to CONin a molecule;CON is a bond or a connector molecule (which may be bifunctional ormultifunctional) which links LL or NLL to CYT and/or VICB;Each m in a molecule is independently an integer from 1 to 25, 1 to 20,1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, 2 to 5, 1 to 2 or 1(often, m is 1, 2 or 3, more often 1);Each n in a molecule is independently an integer from 1 to 15, 1 to 10,1 to 5, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, 2 to 5, 1 to 2 or 1 (often, n is 1);Each j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (preferably 0 or 1, morepreferably 1); andEach k is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (preferably 0 or 1, morepreferably 1), with the proviso that k and/or j (preferably k, often kand j) is at least 1 when CON is a bond.or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisiomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In certain aspects of the invention, compounds according to the presentinvention are represented by the chemical formula:

Where Y₂ is N or a C—R^(Y) group;R^(Y) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), a halogen (preferably F, Br orCl) or a

group;

is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably agroup according the chemical structure:

where W² is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H,—(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN or halogen (preferably F or Cl);R₁ and R₂ are each independently H or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group;X′ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe), halogen (F, Cl,Br) or a

group;Where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups (most often H);Y₃ is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (disposed out of or into the plane,preferably out of the plane on the chiral carbon), preferably H or CH₃;Y₄ is N or C—H;R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group which is optionally substituted withone or two hydroxyl groups;X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe), halogen (F, Cl,Br) or a

group as described above;

is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group preferably a groupaccording to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W and W′ are each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁,—(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN, halogen (F, Cl,Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably amonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself is optionallysubstituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl or benzylgroup), or a

group as described above;R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1);Each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compound according to the present inventionis represented by the chemical formula:

Where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;R^(Y) is a

group;

is a group according the chemical structure:

where W² is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H,—(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN or halogen (preferably F or Cl);R₁ and R₂ are each independently H or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group; andX′ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F, Cl,Br), preferably X₂ is OMe;

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W and W′ are each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁,—(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN, halogen (F, Cl,Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably amonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself is optionallysubstituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl or benzylgroup);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1);Each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In other preferred embodiments of the invention, compounds according tothe present invention may be represented by the chemical structure:

where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;R^(Y) is a

group;

is a group according the chemical structure:

where W² is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H,—(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN or halogen (preferably F or Cl);R₁ and R₂ are each independently H or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group (preferably W²is H); andX′ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F, Cl,Br), preferably X′ is H;X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F, Cl,Br), preferably X₂ is OMe;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, —(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁, —(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN,halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroarylgroup, preferably a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself isoptionally substituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl orbenzyl group);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;W′ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In other preferred embodiments of the invention, compounds according tothe present invention may be represented by the chemical structure:

where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;R^(Y) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F,Cl, Br), preferably R^(Y) is OMe;X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F, Cl,Br), preferably X₂ is OMe;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);Y⁴ is N or C—H (preferably N);

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, —(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁, —(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN,halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroarylgroup, preferably a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself isoptionally substituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl orbenzyl group);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;W′ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In still other preferred embodiments, compounds according to the presentinvention may be represented by the chemical structure:

In certain embodiments according to the invention, compounds accordingto the present invention are represented by the chemical formula:

where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (preferably H);X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F, Cl,Br), preferably X₂ is OMe;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, —(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁, —(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN,halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroarylgroup, preferably a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself isoptionally substituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl orbenzyl group);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;W′ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In still other embodiments, compounds according to the present inventionmay be represented by the following chemical structure:

where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;R^(Y) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe) or halogen (F,Cl, Br), preferably R^(Y) is OMe;X₂ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);Y⁴ is N or C—H (preferably N);

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W and W′ are each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁,—(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN, halogen (F, Cl,Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably amonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself is optionallysubstituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl or benzylgroup);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In still other embodiments, compounds according to the present inventionmay be represented by the chemical structure:

where R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (preferably H);X₂ is a

group;where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;Y₃ is H or CH₃ (disposed out of or into the plane, preferably out of theplane on the chiral carbon);

is a group according to the chemical structure:

where Y is O, S or N—R where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;W and W′ are each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁,—(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN, halogen (F, Cl,Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably amonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself is optionallysubstituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl or benzylgroup);R₁ and R₂ are the same as above;Each i is 0 or 1 (preferably 1); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In certain embodiments, R^(Y) is an optionally substituted phenyl,naphthyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,furanyl or thiophenyl group. Often, R^(Y) is an optionally substituted2- or 3-furanyl group, including a furanyl group which is substitutedwith a group

where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell; andR^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups, preferably H;

In certain of these embodiments the R^(Y) group is optionallysubstituted with a —NH—, —NHCO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH or —NHC(O)NH—group which links the R^(Y) group to the linker group and/or theconnecting (CON) group.

The non-labile linker (NLL) for use in the present invention isrepresented by any chemical structure which is compatible with thechemistry of the bifunctional compounds and its administration to apatient and does not readily cleave in a cell in which the bifunctionalmolecule is introduced. In general, the NLL for use in compoundsaccording to the present invention is at least one chemical moiety, moreoften at least two chemical moieties in length to upwards of 100 or moremoieties in length. These linkers are presented in detail hereinbelow.Preferred non-labile linkers include, for example, (poly)ethylene glycollinkers ranging in length from 2 to about 100 ethylene glycol units,preferably about 2 to 10 ethylene glycol units, about 2 to about 25,about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 4 to about 10 units. Inother preferred embodiments, the non-labile linker (NLL) is apolyethylene-co-polypropylene (PEG/PPG block copolymer) linker rangingfrom 2 to about 100, about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 15, about 2to about 14, about 2 to about 10, about 4 to about 10, combined ethyleneglycol and propylene glycol units.

(Poly)alkylene chains and polyaminoacid chains as otherwise describedherein are also preferred NLL for use in the present invention. Whenpresent, these have 1 to about 100 units, often about 2 to 10 units,about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 4to about 10 units. NLL for use in the present invention may also containone or more connector CON moieties as otherwise described herein whichchemically connect separate (two or more) NLL portions, the entireportion being labeled a NLL.

In certain preferred embodiments, the non-labile linker (NLL) isrepresented by the following exemplary structures (note that the NLL maycontain one or more CON moieties):

among numerous others, as described herein.where n and n′ are each independently 0 to 100, preferably 1 to 100,more preferably about 2 to about 20, about 2 to about 10, about 4 toabout 10, about 4 to about 8.

Other non-labile linkers are presented in greater detail hereinbelow.

The labile linker (LL) for use in the present invention is representedby any chemical structure which is compatible with the chemistry of thebifunctional compounds and its administration to a patient and readilycleaves in a cell in which the bifunctional molecule is introduced, thusreleasing the cytotoxic agent within the cell. In general, the LL foruse in compounds according to the present invention is at least twomoieties in length and functionally contains a group which is readilycleaved within a cell. The cleavable moieties may be hydrolyticallycleaved (acid labile), and include, for example, amides, esters,thioesters, vinyl ethers, urethanes, ketals, diketals, ketal ethers,diketal ethers, thioketals, iminoamides, succinimido iminoamides, tritylamide amine, methoxytritryl amide amine, imides, including succinimide,reductively cleaved (i.e., reductively labile), e.g., disulfide groups)or enzymatically cleaved (e.g., protease substrates, including numerousdi-, tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides).

Exemplary acid labile linkers pursuant to the present invention include,for example moieties according to the chemical structure:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and wherepoints of attachment (as indicated) are to other portions of the labilelinker, a connector moiety (CON), a non-labile linker (NLL), a virusinvasion cell binding moiety (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) asotherwise described herein;X is O, N—R^(AL) or S;R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (often H or Me, most often H);Y is O or S andZ=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph, each of which may be optionally substituted withone or more halogen groups (especially from three up to five Fs,preferably no more than three Fs) and where said Ph group may be furtheroptionally substituted with a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (which may besubstituted with up to three halogens, preferably F) or OMe.

Exemplary reductively cleaved moieties (by glutathione, other reductivespecies within the cell) include moieties according to the chemicalformula:

Where R and n are the same as above.

Exemplary enzymatically cleaved labile linkers include those accordingto the chemical structure:

Where the protease substrate is a peptide containing from 2 to 50 aminoacid units, often 2 to 25 amino acid units, 2 to 15 amino acid units, 2to 10 amino acid units, 2 to 6 amino acids, 2 to 4 amino acids, 2,3 or4. Often, the protease substrate contains or comprises the followingpeptides:

-   -   -Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-; (SEQ ID NO:1)    -   -Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 2)    -   -Phe-Arg-;    -   -Phe-Lys-;    -   -Val-Cit- (valine-citrillune);    -   -Val-Lys-;    -   -Val-Ala-;

These groups are identified and described in greater detail hereinbelow.

The cytotoxic moiety is preferably a moiety derived from an agent whichexhibits cytotoxicity upon its introduction into a cell in effectiveamounts. These include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, carbocisplatin,mertansine, monomethylauristatin E (MME), calicheamicin, methotrexate,chlorambucil and lomaiviticin which are effective to cause cell death,including cell death of CD4 cells which have been infected with HIV.Cytotoxic moieties used in the present invention are described ingreater detail herein.

In an additional aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical compositioncomprises an effective amount of a bifunctional compound as describedherein, optionally and preferably in combination with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, additive or excipient. In alternative aspects,pharmaceutical combination compositions comprise an effective amount ofa bifunctional compound as described herein, in combination with atleast one additional agent which is used to treat HIV (an additionalanti-HIV agent).

In a further aspect of the invention, compounds according to the presentinvention are used to treat and/or reduce the likelihood of an HIVinfection or a secondary effect of HIV (such as AIDS, ARC and relateddisease states or conditions which occur secondary to an HIV infection)in a patient. The method of treating and/or reducing the likelihood ofan HIV infection or secondary effect of an HIV cancer comprisesadministering to a patient in need an effective amount of a bifunctionalcompound as otherwise described herein in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient, optionallyin further combination with at least one additional agent which iseffective in treating and/or reducing the likelihood of an HIVinfection, or one or more of its secondary conditions or effects.

The present invention also relates to instances in which destruction ofCD4 cells which are infected with HIV (HIV+CD4 cells) may be useful toinhibit latent HIV infections from becoming active. In this aspect ofthe invention, destruction of HIV+CD4 cells in an HIV positive patientmay be used to inhibit or more completely eradicate an HIV infectionand/or reduce the likelihood of an occurrence or recurrence of HIV in apatient who is HIV positive.

The present invention also relates to a method for binding andeliminating HIV in a patient comprising administering to a patientinfected with HIV, an effective amount of a bifunctional compound asotherwise described herein.

The present invention also relates to a method for binding andeliminating HIV in a patient having a latent HIV infection comprisingadministering to a patient infected with latent HIV an effective amountof a bifunctional compound as otherwise described herein in combinationwith an HIV latency activator molecule, including for example,prostratin, bradystatin 1, and related analogues as set forth in FIG. 4,hereof (see De Christopher, et al., Nature Chemistry, published onlineJul. 15, 2012, pages 1-6), bryostatin 1, bryostatin 2, IL-7, histonedeacetylase inhibitors, including zolinza (vorinostat), DNA methylationinhibitors including decogen (decitabine) and mixtures thereof.

Thus, the present invention presents unique bifunctional molecules whichcan operate through the bifunctional mechanisms specified above intreating HIV, including treating latent HIV infections.

The realization that viruses may exert cell and tissue tropism byattachment at highly specific sites on cell membrane receptors hasencouraged investigators in the past to seek agents which would bind atthe viral receptor sites of cell membranes and thus prevent binding of aspecific virus to these cells.

Specifically, HIV has been shown to bind to a surface molecule known asthe CD4 or T4 receptor which is present on various cells susceptible toHIV infection, including T lymphocytes and macrophages. The bindingoccurs via the HIV envelope protein, gp120.

Thus, it is a principal object of the present invention to providebifunctional compounds that would act to alleviate the symptoms of AIDSby binding a bifunctional molecule which has a first terminus forbinding to the gp120 envelope protein, the bifunctional molecule havinga second cytotoxic terminus which causes cell death upon introduction tothe cell to which the compound binds. Without being limited by way oftheory, it is believed that compounds according to the present inventionbind to cells to which HIV gp120 binds and/or which express gp120 cellsand upon binding to gp120 containing cells, are introduced into the cellwhereupon the cytotoxic moiety can cause cell death. Bifunctionalcompounds according to the present invention are introduced into cellsby a variety of possible mechanisms including passive diffusion,endocytosis (including clathnin-mediated, caveolae-mediated andphagocytosis) and pinocytosis. These bifunctional (which term alsoincludes multifunctional) molecules are thus generically referred toherein as “cytotoxic-drug delivering molecules targeting HIV” or(CDM-Hs).

The inventive CDM-Hs molecules are “bifunctional” in that they possess aat least one virus invasion cell binding terminus (VICB) and at leastcytotoxicity terminus (CYT) connected by at least one linker (preferablyat least one labile linker) and an optional connector molecule CON. TheVICB is designed to bind to the HIV glycoprotein gp120 (gp120 on theviral membrane as well as gp120 displayed on infected cells). The CYTcontains a cytotoxicity moiety which is designed to cause the death ofany cell to which the bifunctional molecule binds, thus inhibiting andin certain cases eradicating HIV from a patient or subject in need.

In one embodiment of the invention, a bifunctional CDM-H molecule isdescribed which is capable of delivering a population of cytotoxicagents to the HIV gp120 Env gene product, in particular, which areexpressed on CD4 cells. The Env glycoprotein, a complex between gp120and membrane-bound gp 41, is expressed on both the surface of the HIVvirus and on virus-infected cells, especially CD4 cells. (Miranda. L.R.; Schaefer, B. C.; Kupfer. A.; Hu, Z. X.; Franzusoff, A. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 2002, 99, 8031-8036). The gp120 component of Envmediates the first step in viral entry into human cells by binding theprotein CD4.

According to the present invention, the CDM-H binds to gp120Env-expressing cells, is introduced into the infected cell and causesdestruction of these cells through the action of the cytotoxic moiety.Further, since CDM-Hs bind gp120 competitively with CD4, these compoundsalso inhibits the entry of live HIV into human T-cells. Thus, CDM-Hshave the potential to interfere with the survival of HIV throughmultiple complementary mechanisms, and may also function as aprophylactic, reducing the likelihood of an HIV infection or a relapseof an HIV infection. In certain embodiments according to the presentinvention, the CDM-Hs according to the present invention may be combinedwith at least one and preferably a mixture of HIV latency activatorcompounds to enhance therapy against HIV infection. This approach may beparticularly useful for eradicating (i.e., curing) HIV infections inpatients in need.

The CDM-Hs compounds of the invention represent a molecule-based ratherthan a peptide or protein based (although certain labile linkers mayrely on peptides for protease degradation) anti-HIV strategy fortargeting the virus life cycle through mutually reinforcing molecularmechanisms, inhibiting virus entry while targeting Env-expressing cellsfor immune recognition and clearance (cell death). In general, theCDM-Hs molecules have certain advantages over proteins from atherapeutic standpoint because of their low propensity forimmunogenicity, high metabolic stability, specific HIV-infected celltargeting capability, ready large-scale production, and relatively lowcost. Critically, no appreciable non-specific cytotoxicity occurs inresponse to the CDM-H compounds according to the present invention,thus, limiting the possibility of encountering serious side effects fromthe treatment therewith.

Elucidation of the molecular details governing the interactions amongCDM-Hs, gp120, and cytotoxic molecules assists in optimization effortsas well as in the evaluation of this strategy in more complex biologicalmodels of HIV infection.

As stated above, the invention is directed to “bifunctional” molecules,the inventive molecules being “bifunctional” in that they possess avirus invasion cell binding (VICB) terminus and a cytotoxic moiety (CYT)connected by one or more linkers (one of which is a labile linker whichdegrades upon introduction into a cell to release the cytotoxicitymoiety from the remaining portion of the molecule) and an optionalconnecting group (which is principally difunctional, but may bemultifunctional) as otherwise described herein. The VICB group isdesigned to bind to the HIV glycoprotein gp120 (gp120 on the viralmembrane as well as gp120 displayed on infected cells, generally T cellswhich express CD4 or CD4+ T cells). The CYT group is a cytoxic moietycapable of causing cell death upon introduction into a cell as describedin detail herein.

The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the above-described bifunctional molecules that can inhibitHIV entry into a target cell and/or bind to CD4+ cells while alsodelivering one or more cytotoxic agents to the HIV infected cells, thusinducing cell death, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additiveor excipient. As additional embodiments of the invention, therefore, theinventors provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a bifunctionalmolecule compound of the invention in association with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, adapted for use inhuman or veterinary medicine. Such compositions may be presented for usein conventional manner in admixture with one or more physiologicallyacceptable carriers or excipients. The compositions may optionallyfurther contain one or more other therapeutic agents which may be, ifdesired, a different antiviral agent and preferably, an additionalanti-HIV agent and/or an anticancer agent.

The bifunctional molecule compounds according to the invention may beformulated for oral, buccal, nasal, parenteral, topical or rectaladministration, among others, as otherwise described herein.

In particular, the bifunctional compounds according to the invention maybe formulated for injection or for infusion and may be presented in unitdose form in ampoules or in multi-dose containers with an addedpreservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions,solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may containformulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersingagents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form forconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water,before use.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may alsocontain other active ingredients such as other antiviral agents,including additional anti-HIV agents, latent HIV activators, anticanceragents, antimicrobial agents, or preservatives, among others.

The compositions may contain from 0.001-99% by weight of the activematerial, often from about 1% to about 75% by weight, about 5% to about50% by weight, about 10% to about 50% by weight.

The invention further provides a process for preparing a pharmaceuticalcomposition which comprises bringing a bifunctional molecule compound ofthe invention into association with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient or carrier.

For administration by injection or infusion, dosages and desired drugconcentrations of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may varydepending on the particular use, patient condition, age, drug tolerance,etc., as would be understood by one skilled in the field. Consequently,the determination of an appropriate dosage and/or route ofadministration is well within the skill of an ordinary practitioner, andthe compounds can certainly be formulated without undue experimentationfor administration in the treatment of humans, for example, usingstandard and well known dose-response protocols.

The amount of compound in a pharmaceutical composition of the instantinvention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce asingle dosage form will vary depending upon the subject or patient thespecific disease treated or use, as well as the particular mode ofadministration. Preferably, the compositions should be formulated tocontain between about 0.05 milligram to about 750 milligrams or more,more preferably about 1 milligram to about 600 milligrams, and even morepreferably about 10 milligrams to about 500 milligrams of activeingredient, alone or in combination with at least one other CDM-Hs whichmay be used to treat HIV infection or a secondary effect or conditionthereof or another agent such as an additional anti-HIV agent, a latentHIV activator or an anticancer agent as otherwise disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, preferred compounds according to the presentinvention are represented by the following chemical formula (attachmentof the Cytotoxic moiety is through a labile linker which is optionallyfurther extended with a non-labile linker as indicated:

Where n and n′ are each independently 2-8, often 2-6, 4-6 (2, 3, 4, 5 or6);i is 0 or 1;[LL] is a labile linker according to the chemical structure:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3;X is O, N—R^(AL) or S;R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (often H or Me, most often H);Y is O or S andZ=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph, each of which may be optionally substituted withone or more halogen groups (especially from three up to five Fs,preferably no more than three Fs) and where said Ph group may be furtheroptionally substituted with a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (which itself may besubstituted with up to three halogens, preferably F) or OMe; or[LL] is a group according to the chemical formula:

andR is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in this labilelinker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3;Exemplary enzymatically cleaved labile linkers include those accordingto the chemical structure:

Where the protease (cathepsin) substrate is a peptide containing from 2to 50 amino acid units, often 2 to 25 amino acid units, 2 to 15 aminoacid units, 2 to 10 amino acid units, 2 to 6 amino acids, 2 to 4 aminoacids, 2,3 or 4. Often, the protease substrate, above contains,comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the following peptidesthe point of attachment being at the distal ends of the peptide:

-   -   -Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-; (SEQ ID NO:1)    -   -Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 2)    -   -Phe-Arg-;    -   -Phe-Lys-;    -   -Val-Cit- (valine-citrillune);    -   -Val-Lys-    -   -Val-Ala- and        Where R (above) is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene        group and n is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3; or        [LL] is a group according to the chemical structure:

Where the points of attachment in each of the labile linkers asindicated are joined to other portions of the labile linker, a connectormoiety (CON), a non-labile linker (NLL), a virus invasion cell bindingmoiety (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) as otherwise described herein;[NLL] when present is a non-labile linker as otherwise described herein,preferably a (poly)ethylene glycol linker of from 2 to 8 ethylene glycolunits, more preferably 2 to 6 ethylene glycol units or a group:

where each X^(S) is independently S, O or N—R^(S), preferably S;R^(S) is H or C₁₋₃alkyl, preferably H;S_(c) is CH₂; CH₂O; or CH₂CH₂O;i is 0 or 1; andm^(S) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and[CYT] is a group according to the chemical structure:

wherein X is a group which binds said CYT moiety to said labile linker,preferably X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or—NHCONH—where R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with oneor two hydroxyl groups (most often H) and the symbol

signifies a chemical attachment point of the cytotoxic moiety to alabile linker (which optionally can be linked through X).or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisiomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a scheme of “activation-elimination” to eradicate HIVinfection. Latent HIV infection is characterized by host cellspossessing an integrated HIV genome, however not actively expressing HIVproteins. Various “activator” molecules, such a prostratin, bryostain 1and analogues thereof, are known to activate the latent reservoirs,inducing host cells to express the HIV genome. Once activated, CDM-Hscan direct a cytotoxic response, leading to HIV-infected cell death.

FIG. 2 illustrates two preferred compounds according to the presentinvention. These are represented as compounds 4.19 and 4.20respectively. These compounds are presented as their pharmaceuticalsalts (4.19 as the formate salt and 4.20 as the ammonium acetate salt).They may also be presented readily as the free amine (as the non-saltform) or as an alternative pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

FIG. 3 shows a number of latent HIV activators including prostratin,bryostatin 1 and analogues of bryostratin 1 (compounds 1-7) asindicated.

FIG. 4 shows chemical scheme 1 which is directed to the synthesis ofamine (S4.11), a precursor to CDM-H 4.19.

FIG. 5 shows chemical scheme 2 which is directed to the final steps toproduce CDM-H 4.19 from aming S4.11 and known NHS-ester S4.12 asindicated.

FIG. 6 shows chemical scheme 3 which is directed to the final steps toproduce CDM-H 4.20 from thio S4.14 and known maleimide S4.15.

FIG. 7A shows chemical scheme 4 which is directed to functionalizing theindole ring 3.15 to build up the right hand portion of the molecule toprovide a piperazine ring which can be readily functionalized to provideArene 2 groups which may be optionally substituted with one or more of anon-labile linker, a labile linker, one or more connector groups and acytotoxic group. FIG. 7B shows the chemical synthesis of a cytotoxicmoiety, in this case doxorubicin, containing a labile linker to becondensed onto the VICB moiety to provide a preferred CDM-H according tothe present invention.

FIG. 8 shows chemical scheme 5 which exemplifies a generic chemicalscheme for functionalizing Arene 1 to place a cytotoxic group at the endof the arm which extends from Arene 1.

FIG. 9 shows chemical scheme 6 which exemplifies a generic chemicalscheme for introducing a cytotoxic moiety on the top left portion of theindole ring.

FIG. 10 shows cytotoxic-drug delivery molecule targeting HIV gp120(CDM-H) is capable of delivering a cytotoxic response to gp120expressing cells in the absence of any other immune components. (A)Chemical structure of DNA intercalating anthracycline doxorubicin(4.18), which is used as the toxic payload of CDM-Hs and can beconjugated to a targeting molecule through variousconjugations—hydrazone, ester and amide. (B) Structure of CDM-H 4.19 inwhich toxic payload is conjugated to TBT via ester bond. (C)Cytotoxicity assay in which 4.18 and 4.19 are incubated with CHO-env(gp120+) or CHO-pSV (gp120−) cells for a period 14 h or 24 h (D). CDM-H4.19 demonstrates gp120-selective cytotoxicity at 14 h incubation,however is non-specifically (gp120 independent) cytotoxic at 24 hincubation. (E) CD4-PE is used as a positive control. Data is plotted asmean with standard deviation error bars.

FIG. 11 shows the hydrolysis of CDM-H ester 4.19, as detected byUPLC/HR-MS, with an estimated hydrolytic half-life of 5.7 hours.

FIG. 12 shows the hydrolysis of CDM-H 4.20, as detected by UPLC/HR-MS,with an estimated hydrolytic half-life of 56 hours.

FIG. 13 shows the CD4 inhibition ELISA of CDM-H 4.19 and 4.20,demonstrating that both analogs inhibit the CD4-gp120 interaction.

FIG. 14 shows CDM-H analog 4.20 toxicity against gp120-expressing cells.(A) Chemical structure of 4.20, which is conjugated to doxorubicin viaacyl hydrazone, measured to have a hydrolysis half-life of approximately55 hrs. (B) CHO-env (gp120+) and CHO-pSV (gp120−) viability in thepresence of 4.18 (10 μM), 4.20 (10 μM), or CD4-PE (1 μg/mL) as measuredwith xCELLigence instrument. Cell viability examined over a span of ˜120h after a single addition of all compounds or after an initial addition,followed by compound “recycling” as described in the text and SupportingInformation.

FIG. 15 shows immunofluorescence images of CHO-env (gp120+; panels A-D)and CHO-pSv (gp120−; panels E-H) when stained with LysoTracker lysosomaldye and incubated CDM-H 4.20 after 10 min incubation. Merged images (Dfor gp120+ and H for gp120−) show that CDM-H costains with LysTrackerdye, suggesting that significant levels of 4.20 localize to thelysosome, independently of gp120 expression.

FIG. 16 shows fluorescence micrographs when CDM-H 4.20 or doxorubicin(4.18) is incubated with CHO-env cells after 10 min (A-B) or 20 hrs(C-D) and CHO-pSv cells (E-H). Formation of fluorescent particles,specifically after long incubation periods, suggests the formation ofmicelles.

FIG. 17 shows the raw xCelligence data of CDM-Hs 4.19 and 4.20,doxorubicin (4.18) and CD4-PE when incubated with CHO-env (gp120+) andCHO-pSv (gp120−) cells.

FIG. 18 shows the preliminary dynamic light scattering (DLS) experimentto detect aggregate formation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following terms are used to describe the present invention. Ininstances where a term is not specifically defined herein, that term isgiven an art-recognized meaning by those of ordinary skill applying thatterm in context to its use in describing the present invention.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise (such as in the case of a groupcontaining a number of carbon atoms in which case each carbon atomnumber falling within the range is provided), between the upper andlower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value inthat stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper andlower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included inthe smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject toany specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the statedrange includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either bothof those included limits are also included in the invention.

The term “compound”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refersto any specific chemical compound disclosed herein and includestautomers, regioisomers, geometric isomers, and where applicable,optical isomers (enantiomers) thereof, as well as pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and derivatives (including prodrug forms) thereof.Within its use in context, the term compound generally refers to asingle compound, but also may include other compounds such asstereoisomers, regioisomers and/or optical isomers (including racemicmixtures) as well as specific enantiomers or enantiomerically enrichedmixtures of disclosed compounds. The term also refers, in context toprodrug forms of compounds which have been modified to facilitate theadministration and delivery of compounds to a site of activity. It isnoted that in describing the present compounds, numerous substituents,linkers (including labile linkers) and connector molecules and variablesassociated with same, among others, are described and chosen to providestable compounds which may be isolated and further processed intopharmaceutical composition.

“Alkyl” refers to a fully saturated monovalent radical containing carbonand hydrogen, and which may be cyclic, branched or a straight chain (andwhich may be optionally substituted). Examples of alkyl groups aremethyl, ethyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl,n-decyl, isopropyl, 2-methylpropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclo-propylmethyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylethyl andcyclohexyl, among others. Preferred alkyl groups are C₁-C₆ or C₁-C₃alkyl groups.

“Aryl” or “aromatic”, in context, refers to a substituted (as otherwisedescribed herein) or unsubstituted monovalent aromatic radical having asingle ring (e.g., benzene or phenyl) or condensed rings (e.g.,naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, etc.) and can be bound to thecompound according to the present invention at any available stableposition on the ring(s) or as otherwise indicated in the chemicalstructure presented. Other examples of aryl groups, in context, mayinclude heterocyclic aromatic ring systems “heteroaryl” groups havingone or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms in the ring (moncyclic)such as imidazole, furyl, pyrrole, furanyl, thiene, thiazole, pyridine,pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazole, oxazole or fused ring systems such asindole, quinoline, etc., among others, which may be optionallysubstituted as described above. Among the heteroaryl groups which may bementioned include nitrogen-containing heteroaryl groups such as pyrrole,pyridine, pyridone, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrazole,imidazole, triazole, triazine, tetrazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine,purine, indazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinolizine, phthalazine,naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine,imidazopyridine, imidazotriazine, pyrazinopyridazine, acridine,phenanthridine, carbazole, carbazoline, perimidine, phenanthroline,phenacene, oxadiazole, benzimidazole, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidineand pyridopyrimidine; sulfur-containing aromatic heterocycles such asthiophene and benzothiophene; oxygen-containing aromatic heterocyclessuch as furan, pyran, cyclopentapyran, benzofuran and isobenzofuran; andaromatic heterocycles comprising 2 or more hetero atoms selected fromamong nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen, such as thiazole, thiadizole,isothiazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole,phenothiazine, isoxazole, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrazoloxazole,imidazothiazole, thienofuran, furopyrrole, pyridoxazine, furopyridine,furopyrimidine, thienopyrimidine and oxazole, among others.

Alternative aryl and heteroaryl groups according to the presentinvention preferably include, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl(2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl group), thiazolyl (2-, 4- or 5-thiazole),isothiazolyl, oxazolyl (2-, 4- or 5-oxazole), isoxazolyl, furanyl (2- or3-furan) or thiophenyl (2- or 3-thiophene). Monocyclic and bicyclic aryland heteroayl groups are as otherwise described herein.

In alternative embodiments, preferred heteroaryl groups (for Arene 2)are 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl groups are according to thechemical structure:

Where W and W′ are each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)H, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)NR₁R₂, (OCH₂)_(n)CONR₁R₂,(OCH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)OR₁,—(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN, halogen (F, Cl,Br, I, preferably F or Cl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably amonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl group which itself is optionallysubstituted (including an optionally substituted benzoyl or benzylgroup), or a

group in certain preferred embodiments, only one of W and W′ is a

group);Where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell;CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups (most often H);R₁ and R₂ are each independently H or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group;Y is O, S or N—R, where R is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group; andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1).

In still other embodiments, preferred aryl or heteroaryl groups(Arene 1) include those which are substituted according to the chemicalstructures:

where W² is H, —(CH₂)_(n)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl,—(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, —(CH₂O)_(n)H,—(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂O)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂O)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN or halogen (preferably F or Cl);R₁ and R₂ are each independently H or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group;X′ is H, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe), halogen (F, Cl, Br) or a

group;Where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell;CON is a connector moiety which connects said non-labile linker (NLL)with said labile-linker (LL);CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups (most often H); andEach n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 0 or 1),

The term “substituted” shall mean substituted at a carbon (or nitrogen)position within context, hydroxyl, carboxyl, cyano (C≡N), nitro (NO₂),halogen (preferably, 1, 2 or 3 halogens, especially on an alkyl,especially a methyl group such as a trifluoromethyl), alkyl group(preferably, C₁-C₁₀, more preferably, C₁-C₆), aryl (especially phenyland substituted phenyl for example benzyl or benzoyl), alkoxy group(preferably, C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, including phenyl and substitutedphenyl), ester (preferably, C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl) including alkyleneester (such that attachment is on the alkylene group, rather than at theester function which is preferably substituted with a C₁-C₆ alkyl oraryl group), preferably, C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, halogen (preferably, F orCl), nitro or amine (including a five- or six-membered cyclic alkyleneamine, further including a C₁-C₆ alkyl amine or C₁-C₆ dialkyl aminewhich alkyl groups may be substituted with one or two hydroxyl groups),amido, which is preferably substituted with one or two C₁-C₆ alkylgroups (including a carboxamide which is substituted with one or twoC₁-C₆ alkyl groups), alkanol (preferably, C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl), oralkanoic acid (preferably, C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl). The term “substituted”shall also mean within its context of use alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, amido,carboxamido, keto, carboxy, ester, keto, nitro, cyano and amine(especially including mono- or di-C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted amines whichmay be optionally substituted with one or two hydroxyl groups). Incertain embodiments preferred substituents will include for example,—NH—, —NHC(O)—, —O—, —(CH₂)_(m)— (m and n are at least 1 as otherwisedescribed herein), —S—, —S(O)—, SO₂— or —NH—C(O)—NH—, —(CH₂)_(n)OH,—(CH₂)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(CH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂,—(CH₂O)_(n)OH, —(CH₂O)_(n)COOH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(OCH₂)_(n)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—(OCH₂)_(n)C(O)—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —(OCH₂)_(n)NHC(O)—R₁,—(CH₂O)_(n)C(O)—NR₁R₂, NO₂, CN or halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, preferably F orCl), depending on the context of the use of the substituent.

Any substitutable position in a compound according to the presentinvention may be substituted in the present invention, but no more than3, more preferably no more than 2 substituents (in some instances only 1or no substituents) is present on a ring. Preferably, the term“unsubstituted” shall mean substituted with one or more H atoms.

The term “patient” or “subject” is used throughout the specificationwithin context to describe an animal, generally a mammal and preferablya human, to whom treatment, including prophylactic treatment(prophylaxis), with the compositions according to the present inventionis provided. For treatment of those infections, conditions or diseasestates which are specific for a specific animal such as a human patientor a patient of a particular gender, such as a human male patient, theterm patient refers to that specific animal. Compounds according to thepresent invention are useful for treating and/or reducing the likelihoodof HIV infections or the secondary effects of HIV infections, especiallyincluding AIDS and/or ARC.

The term “effective” is used herein, unless otherwise indicated, todescribe an amount of a compound or composition which, in context, isused to produce or effect an intended result, whether that resultrelates to the inhibition of the effects of a toxicant on a subject orthe treatment of a subject for secondary conditions, disease states ormanifestations of exposure to toxicants as otherwise described herein.This term subsumes all other effective amount or effective concentrationterms (including the term “therapeutically effective”) which areotherwise described in the present application.

The terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment”, etc., as used herein,refer to any action providing a benefit to a patient at risk for HIVinfection or having an HIV infection, including a latent HIV infection,including improvement in the condition through lessening or suppressionof titers of HIV or at least one symptom of HIV, prevention or delay inprogression of the disease, prevention or delay in the onset of diseasestates or conditions which occur secondary to HIV, including AIDS orARC, among others, including the eradication of HIV. Treatment, as usedherein, encompasses both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Theterm “prophylactic” when used, means to reduce the likelihood of anoccurrence or the severity of an occurrence within the context of thetreatment of HIV, as otherwise described hereinabove.

The term “human immunodeficiency virus” or “HIV” shall be used todescribe human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), thegrowth or replication of which may be inhibited or disease states ofwhich may be treated using one or more methods according to the presentinvention. Viruses which may be treated according to the presentinvention include, for example, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2(HIV-1 and HIV-2), among others. The term HIV includes mutant strains ofHIV including “drug resistant” or “multiple drug resistant” strains ofthe HIV virus which have mutated to be resistant to one or moreclinically approved anti-HIV agents, including, in particular, HIVstrains which are resistant to one or more NRTI compounds and/or NNRTIcompounds. Exemplary HIV drug resistant strains which may be effectivelytreated using compounds according to the present invention include thefollowing, among others: (defined by their reverse transcriptase or RTmutation)—XXBRU, K65R, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184V, L74V, V75T, 4XZT,T215Y, K103N, T215Y/M184V, 5705-72, 488-101, C910-6, LA1M184V, G910-6L100I, K101E, K103N, V106A, D110E, V179D, Y181C, D185E, D186E, Y188H,G190E, E138K, M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, K219Q/E, Y181C, K103N, L100I,Y188C/H, among others, including HIV-1 isolates JR-FL, ADA, HXBc2, SF162and BaL, among others.

The term “HIV latency” is used to describe the ability of HIV to liedormant within a patient's cells, in particular, CD4-positive T cellsand form one or more viral reservoirs. In HIV, proviral latency inspecific long-lived cell types is the basis for viral reservoirs, whichare characterized by the persistence or longevity of the latent virus inthe infected cells. In HIV latency, the presence ofreplication-competent HIV in resting CD4-positive T cells, allows thevirus to persist for years without evolving despite prolonged exposureto antiretroviral drugs. This latent reservoir of HIV (latent HIV) mayexplain the inability of traditional antiretroviral treatment toeradicate or cure the HIV infection in a patient. The present inventionserves to destroy cells (CD4-positive cells) which harbor viralreservoirs and reduce the likelihood that an active HIV flareup willoccur, as well as provide an actual cure for HIV through eradication ofHIV in certain instances. The present invention serves to reduce,inhibit and/or eliminate the HIV viral reservoirs and HIV proviruses ina patient's cells, especially CD4-positive cells and reduce thelikelihood that an active HIV flareup or infection will occur in thefuture. While not being limited by way of theory, it is believed thatthe compounds and methods according to the present invention reduce,inhibit and/or eliminate/eradicate latent HIV (latent HIV reservoirs)and/or HIV proviruses through cell death of CD4 positive cells, thusreducing the likelihood that latent HIV will become an active HIVinfection. The compounds act by releasing cytotoxic agents afterintroduction into a cell which results in cell death and inhibition ofthe ability of HIV to replicate. This inhibition results in the latentHIV or proviral HIV residing in cells being destroyed and/or acted uponby a co-administered anti-HIV agent which serves to inhibit HIV. Theresult of the present method is that the latent HIV is reduced,inhibited and/or eliminated and in certain instances an actual cure ofHIV can be effected because latent HIV, as well as active HIV, iseliminated from the patient, resulting in no further infection.

HIV binds to the outer surface of CD4+ cells, enters the cells, and thenremains hidden and protected from the other immune system cells. Safelyinside the cell, the virus duplicates its RNA. The new viral DNA isintegrated into the host cell's DNA where it governs the production ofnew HIV virions. The new virions leave the host cell to infect othercells, and the host CD4+ cell dies. The body produces about 10 billionnew virions daily, and the immune system destroys and removes all butabout 100 million of them, which are infectious. An equal number of CD4+cells are produced and destroyed by the virions, creating a balance ofpower struggle between the virus and the CD4+ cells.

The HIV life cycle in its active form, requires specific enzymes, whichserve as targets for traditional anti-HIV drug therapy:

-   -   Reverse transcriptase helps create DNA copies of HIV's RNA.        Nucleoside and non-nucleoside antiretroviral drugs block reverse        transcriptase, preventing HIV from copying its RNA into DNA.    -   Integrase helps integrate the viral DNA into the host cell's        DNA. Integrase is a potential target for drug therapy, and        scientists are hoping to find a way to block it to prevent viral        DNA from being integrated into the host cell's DNA.    -   Protease helps assemble the new virions. Protease inhibitors        prevent protease from performing this function.

In some cases, HIV does not start replicating immediately upon enteringa new host cell. Once the DNA enters the host cell's genome, HIV canpersist for years inside the body without causing the symptoms thatdefine AIDS. But even at this stage (which is called latency), the viruscan still be transmitted to others. Latency is perhaps one of thegreatest challenges to finding a cure or vaccine for AIDS and is theprincipal reason why people with AIDS must take antiretoviral drugs forlife. The present invention serves to reduce the HIV viral reservoirsand HIV proviruses in a patient's cells, especially CD4-positive cellsand reduce the likelihood that an active HIV flareup or infection willoccur. Compounds according to the present invention reduce, inhibitand/or eliminate latent HIV reservoirs and/or HIV proviruses alone or incombination with at least one additional anti-HIV agent and/or one ormore latent HIV activators, thus reducing, inhibiting and/or eliminatinglatent HIV and thereby reducing the likelihood that latent HIV willbecome an active HIV infection.

The term “latent HIV activator” is used to describe one or morecompounds which activates latent HIV into a more active state. HIVactivators which may be used in combination with CDM-Hs according to thepresent invention include, prostratin, bradystatin 1, and relatedanalogues as set forth in FIG. 4, hereof (see De Christopher, et al.,Nature Chemistry, published online Jul. 15, 2012, pages 1-6), bryostatin1, bryostatin 2, IL-7, histone deacetylase inhibitors, including zolinza(vorinostat), DNA methylation inhibitors including decogen (decitabine)and mixtures thereof. The HIV activators are used to upregulate HIV froma latency state to a more active state such that the active HIV expressgp120 on the surface of an HIV infected CD4 cell (HIV positive CD4). HIVactivators, when administered to a patient or subject are preferablyadministered as a mixture of HIV activators, as described above.

The terms “ARC” and “AIDS” refer to syndromes of the immune systemcaused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which are characterized bysusceptibility to certain diseases and T cell counts which are depressedcompared to normal counts. HIV progresses from Category 1 (AsymptomaticHIV Disease) to Category 2 (ARC), to Category 3 (AIDS), with theseverity of the disease.

A Category 1 HIV infection is characterized by the patient or subjectbeing HIV positive, asymptomatic (no symptoms) and having never hadfewer than 500 CD4 cells. If the patient has had any of theAIDS-defining diseases listed for categories 2 (ARC) or 3 (AIDS), thenthe patient is not in this category. If the patient's t-cell count hasever dropped below 500, that patient is considered either Category 2(ARC) or Category 3 (AIDS).

A Category 2 (ARC) infection is characterized by the following criteria:The patient's T-cells have dropped below 500 but never below 200, andthat patient has never had any Category 3 diseases (as set forth below)but have had at least one of the following defining illnesses—

-   -   Bacillary angiomatosis    -   Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (thrush)    -   Candidiasis, vulvovaginal; persistent, frequent, or poorly        responsive to therapy    -   Cervical dysplasia (moderate or severe)/cervical carcinoma in        situ    -   Constitutional symptoms, such as fever (38.5 C) or diarrhea        lasting longer than 1 month    -   Hairy leukoplakia, oral    -   Herpes zoster (shingles), involving at least two distinct        episodes or more than one dermatome    -   Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura    -   Listeriosis    -   Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly if complicated by        tubo-ovarian abscess    -   Peripheral neuropathy

According to the U.S. government, in Category 2 ARC, the immune systemshows some signs of damage but it isn't life-threatening.

A Category 3 (AIDS) infection is characterized by the followingcriteria:

T-cells have dropped below 200 or the patient has had at least one ofthe following defining illnesses—

-   -   Brain Toxoplasmosis    -   Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs    -   Candidiasis, esophageal    -   Cervical cancer, invasive**    -   Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary    -   Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary    -   Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (greater than 1 month's        duration)    -   Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)    -   Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision)    -   Encephalopathy, HIV-related    -   Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (greater than 1 month's        duration); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis    -   Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary    -   Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (greater than 1 month's        duration)    -   Kaposi's sarcoma    -   Lymphoma, Burkitt's (or equivalent term)    -   Lymphoma, immunoblastic (or equivalent term)    -   Lymphoma, primary, of brain    -   Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kansasii, disseminated or        extrapulmonary    -   Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary** or        extrapulmonary)    -   Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species,        disseminated or extrapulmonary    -   Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia    -   Pneumonia, recurrent    -   Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy    -   Salmonella septicemia, recurrent    -   Wasting syndrome due to HIV

The term “introduce” is used to describe the uptake by a HIV-infectedCD4 cell of CDM-Hs which have become bound to the surface ofHIV-infected CD4 cell at the gp120 envelope protein on the cell surface.CDM-Hs may become internalized in the cell, after which the cytotoxicmoiety CYT may be released from the CDM-Hs, resulting in the death ofthe HIV infected CD4 cells. CDM-Hs become internalized into aHIV-infected CD4 cell after binding through one or more of a variety ofmechanisms including, but not limited to, passive diffusion, endocytosis(including clathnin-mediated, caveolae-mediated and phagocytosis) andpinocytosis

The term “coadministration” or “combination therapy” shall mean that atleast two compounds or compositions are administered to the patient atthe same time, such that effective amounts or concentrations of each ofthe two or more compounds may be found in the patient at a given pointin time. Although compounds according to the present invention may beco-administered to a patient at the same time, the term embraces bothadministration of two or more agents at the same time or at differenttimes, provided that effective concentrations of all coadministeredcompounds or compositions are found in the subject at a given time. Incertain aspects of the present invention, one or more of the bifunctionCDM-H compounds described above, are coadministered in combination withat least one additional anti-HIV agent as otherwise described herein ina cocktail for the treatment of HIV infections and/or a latent HIVactivator compound/composition as otherwise described herein. Inparticularly preferred aspects of the invention, the co-administrationof compounds results in synergistic anti-HIV activity of the therapy,especially including inhibition and/or eradication of latent HIV.

The term “additional anti-HIV agent” shall mean a traditional anti-HIVagent (ie., a non-bifunctional CDM-H compound as otherwise describedherein) which may be co-administered to a patient along with ARM-HIcompounds according to the present invention in treating a patient forHIV. Such compounds include, for example, agents such as nucleosidereverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and fusion inhibitors.Exemplary compounds include, for example, Amprenivir, Abacavir,Acemannan, Acyclovir, AD-439, AD-519, Adefovir dipivoxil, AlphaInterferon, Ansamycin, 097, AR 177, Beta-fluoro-ddA, BMS-232623(CGP-73547), BMS-234475 (CGP-61755), CI-1012, Cidofovir, Curdlansulfate, Cytomegalovirus Immune globin, Ganciclovir, Dideoxyinosine,DMP-450, Efavirenz (DMP-266), EL10, Famciclovir, FTC, GS 840, HBY097,Hypericin, Recombinant Human Interferon Beta, Interferon alfa-n3,Indinavir, ISIS-2922, KNI-272, Lamivudine (3TC), Lobucavir, Nelfinavir,Nevirapine, Novapren, Peptide T Octapeptide Sequence, TrisodiumPhosphonoformate, PNU-140690, Probucol, RBC-CD4, Ritonavir, Saquinavir,Valaciclovir, Virazole Ribavirin, VX-478, Zalcitabine, Zidovudine (AZT),Tenofovir diisoproxil fumarate salt, Combivir, Abacavir succinate,T-20), AS-101, Bropirimine, CL246, EL10, FP-21399, Gamma Interferon,Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), HIV CoreParticle Immunostimulant, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Immune GlobulinIntravenous, IMREG-1, IMREG-2, Imuthiol Diethyl Dithio Carbamate,Alpha-2 Interferon, Methionine-Enkephalin, MTP-PE (Muramyl-Tripeptide),Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF), Remune, rCD4 (RecombinantSoluble Human CD4-IgG), rCD4-IgG Hybrids, Recombinant Soluble Human CD4,Interferon Alfa 2a, SK&F1-6528, Soluble T4, Thymopentin, Tumor NecrosisFactor (TNF), AK602, Alovudine, Amdoxovir, AMD070, Atazanavir (Reyataz),AVX754 (apricitabine), Bevirimat, BI-201, BMS-378806, BMS-488043,BMS-707035, C31G, Carbopol 974P, Calanolide A, Carrageenan, Cellulosesulfate, Cyanovirin-N, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine (Videx),Efavirenz, Elvucitabine, Emtricitabine, Fosamprenavir (Lexiva),Fozivudine tidoxil, GS 9137, GSK-873,140 (aplaviroc), GSK-364735,GW640385 (brecanavir), HG0004, HGTV43, INCB9471, KP-1461, Lopinavir,Mifepristone (VGX410), MK-0518, PPL-100, PRO 140, PRO 542, PRO 2000,Racivir, SCH-D (vicriviroc), SP01A, SPL7013, TAK-652, Tipranavir(Aptivus), TNX-355, TMC125 (etravirine), UC-781, UK-427,857 (Maraviroc),Valproic acid, VRX496, Zalcitabine, Valganciclovir, Clindamycin withPrimaquine, Fluconazole Pastille, Nystatin Pastille, Eflornithine,Pentamidine, Isethionate, Trimethoprim, Trimethoprim/sulfa, Piritrexim,Pentamidine isethionate, Spiramycin, Intraconazole-R51211, Trimetrexate,Daunorubicin, Recombinant Human Erythropoietin, Recombinant Human GrowthHormone, Megestrol Acetate, Testosterone, Aldesleukin (Proleukin),Amphotericin B, Azithromycin (Zithromax), Calcium hydroxyapatite,Doxorubicin, Dronabinol, Entecavir, Epoetin alfa, Etoposide,Fluconazole, Isoniazid, Itraconazole (Sporanox), Megestrol, Paclitaxel(Taxol), Peginterferon alfa-2, Poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra), Rifabutin(Mycobutin), Rifampin, Somatropin and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim.Preferred anti-HIV compounds for use in the present invention include,for example, 3TC (Lamivudine), AZT (Zidovudine), (−)-FTC, ddI(Didanosine), ddC (zalcitabine), abacavir (ABC), tenofovir (PMPA),D-D4FC (Reverset), D4T (Stavudine), Racivir, L-FddC, L-FD4C, NVP(Nevirapine), DLV (Delavirdine), EFV (Efavirenz), SQVM (Saquinavirmesylate), RTV (Ritonavir), IDV (Indinavir), SQV (Saquinavir), NFV(Nelfinavir), APV (Amprenavir), LPV (Lopinavir), fusion inhibitors suchas T20, among others, fuseon and mixtures thereof

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is used throughout thespecification to describe a salt form of one or more of the compoundsherein which are presented to increase the solubility of the compound insaline for parenteral delivery or in the gastric juices of the patient'sgastrointestinal tract in order to promote dissolution and thebioavailability of the compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable saltsinclude those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic ororganic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived fromalkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals suchas calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts, among numerous other acidswell known in the pharmaceutical art. Sodium and potassium salts may beparticularly preferred as neutralization salts of carboxylic acidcontaining compositions according to the present invention. The term“salt” shall mean any salt consistent with the use of the compoundsaccording to the present invention. In the case where the compounds areused in pharmaceutical indications, including the treatment of HIVinfections, the term “salt” shall mean a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, consistent with the use of the compounds as pharmaceutical agents.

The term “cytotoxicity terminus” or “cytotoxic agent moiety” (CYT withinthe general formula of compounds according to the present invention) isused to describe that portion of a CDM-Hs compound according to thepresent invention which comprises at least one cytotoxic agent whichexhibits cytotoxicity within the patient. The terms “cytotoxic moiety”or “HIV cytotoxic moiety” or HIV cell infected cytotoxicity” are usedsynonymously to describe a small molecule moiety which exhibitscytotoxic activity against a cell which has been infected with HIV suchthat when the viral infected cell binding moiety

binds to gp120 protein and/or CD4 on the infected cell, the CDM-Hscompound and/or the cytotoxic agent itself will enter the infected celland promote cellular death, resulting in the inhibition of the HIVinfection. Exemplary cytoxic agents from which the CYT group in CDM-Hsaccording to the present invention are derived include doxorubicin,daunorubicin, carbocisplatin, mertansine, monomethylauristatin E (MME),calicheamicin, methotrexate and chlorambucil, which are effective tocause cell death, including cell death of CD4 cells which have beeninfected with HIV. These cytotoxicity agents are linked in the CDM-Hscompounds as represented below (at one or more of the X variables orpoints of attachment in each compound as indicated below).

wherein X is a group which binds said CYT moiety to a labile linker,preferably X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or—NHCONH—where R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with oneor two hydroxyl groups (most often H) and the symbol

signifies a chemical attachment point of the cytotoxic moiety to alabile linker (which optionally can be linked through X).

Preferred cytotoxicity moieties which are including in CDM-Hs accordingto the present invention include doxorubicin and chlorambucil.

The term “viral invasion cell binding terminus” (“VICB”) (also referredto as target binding terminus or TBT) is used to described that portionof a compound according to the present invention which comprises atleast one small molecule or moiety which can bind specifically to or iscapable of binding to gp120 envelope protein on HIV virus or a cellsurface of CD4 cells which are infected with HIV (HIV+) in said patient.

VICB groups include those which are found in bifunctional compoundshaving the following chemical structure:

Where Y₂ is N or a C—R^(Y) group;Y₃ is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (disposed out of or into the plane,preferably out of the plane on the chiral carbon), preferably H or CH₃;Y₄ is C—H or N;R^(Y) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), a halogen (preferably F, Br orCl) or an aryl or heteroaryl group including a

group as defined herein which is optionally substituted with a

group;Where X is —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH—;NLL is a non-labile linker as described herein;LL is a labile linker which is cleavable upon entry of the compound intoa cell and is optionally linked to [CON] through a second non-labilelinker [NLL];CON is a connector moiety which, when present, connects thelabile-linker (LL) to the cytotoxicity moiety CYT and to the optionalnon-labile linker;CYT is a cytotoxic moiety which is capable of causing cell death uponentry of the compound into a cell;R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one ortwo hydroxyl groups (most often H);X₂ is H, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl (preferably OMe), halogen (F, Cl, Br) or a

group as described above;

is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group which is furtheroptionally substituted with a

group as described above;Where one or more of R^(Y), X₂ or Arene 2 is substituted with said

group; andi is 0 or 1.

Preferred VICB groups include those which are otherwise disclosed hereinwherein said VICB group is connected to at least one

group as otherwise disclosed herein. Other embodiments of the VICBmoiety used in compounds according to the present invention are asotherwise described herein.

The term “linker” refers to a chemical entity connecting a VICB moietyto a cytotoxicity moiety (CYT) terminus, optionally through a connectormoiety (CON). The linker may be a labile linker (LL) which directlylinks the VICB moiety to the CYT moiety, or alternatively, often thelabile linker links the CYT moiety through a non-labile linker (NLL)and/or a connector (CON) moiety. Noted here is the fact that the labilelinker can itself contain components which are non-labile linkers, orthe non-labile linker can contain one or more CON groups before beinglinked to a labile linker group. The linker (whether constructed as alabile linker LL alone or a LL linked to a connector CON moiety and/or anon-labile linker) ranges in length from about 5 Å to about 50 Å or morein length, about 6 Å to about 45 Å in length, about 7 Å to about 40 Å inlength, about 8 Å to about 35 Å in length, about 9 Å to about 30 Å inlength, about 10 Å to about 25 Å in length, about 7 Å to about 20 Å inlength, about 5 Å to about 16 Å in length, about 5 Å to about 15 Å inlength, about 6 Å to about 14 Å in length, about 10 Å to about 20 Å inlength, about 11 Å to about 25 Å in length, etc. Linkers (NLL or LL)which are based upon or include ethylene glycol units are between 2 and100 glycol units in length, but those which are between 2 and 14 glycolunits or 4 and 8 glycol units in length may be preferred. By having alinker with a length as otherwise disclosed herein, the VICB moiety andthe CYT moiety may be chemically situated to advantageously takeadvantage of the biological activity of compounds according to thepresent invention which bind to HIV envelope protein gp120 (gp120), areintroduced into HIV infected CD4 cells and release the CYT moiety withinthe cell to promote cell death. The selection of a linker component isbased on its documented properties of biocompatibility, solubility inaqueous and organic media, and low immunogenicity/antigenicity.

Labile linkers pursuant to the present invention include any linkerwhich may be readily cleaved upon introduction of the CDM-Hs into thecell through any one of a several cellular mechanisms. These labilelinkers include hydrolytically labile (acid labile) linkers, reductivelylabile linkers (principally disulfide linkers which are reductivelycleaved by intracellular glutathione or other disulfide reducing agent)and enzymatically labile linkers (protease substrates). These labilelinkers are preferably represented by the chemical structures:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and wherepoints of attachment (as indicated) are to other portions of the labilelinker, a connector moiety (CON), a non-labile linker (NLL), a virusinvasion cell binding moiety (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) asotherwise described herein;X is O, N—R^(AL) or S;R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (often H or Me, most often H);Y is O or S andZ=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph, each of which may be optionally substituted withone or more halogen groups (especially from three up to five Fs,preferably no more than three Fs) and where said Ph group may be furtheroptionally substituted with a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (which itself may besubstituted with up to three halogens, preferably F) or OMe.

Exemplary reductively cleaved moieties (by glutathione, other reductivespecies within the cell) include moieties according to the chemicalformula:

andR is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in this labilelinker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and where points ofattachment (as indicated) are to other portions of the labile linker, aconnector moiety (CON), a non-labile linker (NLL), a virus invasion cellbinding moiety (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) as otherwise describedherein.

Exemplary enzymatically cleaved labile linkers include those accordingto the chemical structure:

Where the protease (cathepsin) substrate is a peptide containing from 2to 50 amino acid units, often 2 to 25 amino acid units, 2 to 15 aminoacid units, 2 to 10 amino acid units, 2 to 6 amino acids, 2 to 4 aminoacids, 2,3 or 4. Often, the protease substrate, above contains,comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the following peptidesthe point of attachment being at the distal ends of the peptide:

-   -   -Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-; (SEQ ID NO:1)    -   -Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 2)    -   -Phe-Arg-;    -   -Phe-Lys-;    -   -Val-Cit- (valine-citrillune);    -   -Val-Lys-    -   -Val-Ala- and        Where R (above) is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene        group and n is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and        where points of attachment (as indicated) are joined to other        portions of the labile linker, a connector moiety (CON), a        non-labile linker (NLL), a virus invasion cell binding moiety        (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) as otherwise described        herein.

Other enzyme labile linkers are the beta-glucosidase labile linkersaccording to the chemical structure:

Where the points of attachment are joined to are joined to otherportions of the labile linker, a connector moiety (CON), a non-labilelinker (NLL), a virus invasion cell binding moiety (VICB) or a cytotoxicmoiety (CYT) as otherwise described herein.

In each of the above labile linkers, at the point of attachment in eachgroup, the labile linker may be further linked to a non-labile linker asotherwise described herein, or preferably a (poly)ethylene glycol groupof from 1 to 10 glycol units (often 2 to 8 glycol units) or an alkylenechain from 1 to 20 methylene units, often 1 to 10 methylene units, often1 to 8 methylene units, more often 1 to 6 methylene unit, often 2 to 4methylene units.

Although numerous non-labile linkers may be used as otherwise describedherein, a linker based upon polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linkages,polypropylene glycol linkages, or polyethyleneglycol-co-polypropyleneoligomers (up to about 100 units, about 1 to 100, about 1 to 75, about 1to 60, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 35, about 1 to 25, about 1 to 20, about1 to 15, 2 to 10, about 4 to 12, about 1 to 8, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 2 to 6, 1to 5, etc.) may be favored as a linker because of the chemical andbiological characteristics of these molecules. The use of polyethylene(PEG) linkages in either or both of the labile linker (LL), and thenon-labile linker (NLL) may be preferred. Alternative preferred linkersmay include, for example, polyproline linkers and/or collagen linkers asdepicted below (n is about 1 to 100, about 1 to 75, about 1 to 60, about1 to 50, about 1 to 45, about 1 to 35, about 1 to 25, about 1 to 20,about 1 to 15, 2 to 10, about 4 to 12, about 5 to 10, about 4 to 6,about 1 to 8, about 1 to 6, about 1 to 5, about 1 to 4, about 1 to 3,etc.).

Additional non-labile linkers (NLL) include those according to thechemical structures:

Or a polypropylene glycol or polypropylene-co-polyethylene glycol linkerhaving between 1 and 100 glycol units;Where R_(a) is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol or forms a cyclic ring with R³(proline) and R³ is a side chain derived from an amino acid preferablyselected from the group consisting of alanine (methyl), arginine(propyleneguanidine), asparagine (methylenecarboxyamide), aspartic acid(ethanoic acid), cysteine (thiol, reduced or oxidized di-thiol),glutamine (ethylcarboxyamide), glutamic acid (propanoic acid), glycine(H), histidine (methyleneimidazole), isoleucine (1-methylpropane),leucine (2-methylpropane), lysine (butyleneamine), methionine(ethylmethylthioether), phenylalanine (benzyl), proline (R³ forms acyclic ring with R_(a) and the adjacent nitrogen group to form apyrrolidine group), hydroxyproline, serine (methanol), threonine(ethanol, 1-hydroxyethane), tryptophan (methyleneindole), tyrosine(methylene phenol) or valine (isopropyl);m (within this context) is an integer from 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; andn (within this context) is an integer from about 1 to 100, about 1 to75, about 1 to 60, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 45, about 1 to 35, about 1to 25, about 1 to 20, about 1 to 15, 2 to 10, about 4 to 12, about 5 to10, about 4 to 6, about 1 to 8, about 1 to 6, about 1 to 5, about 1 to4, about 1 to 3, etc.).Another linker according to the present invention comprises apolyethylene glycol linker containing from 1 to 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 ethylene glycol units which may befurther linked through amide groups, amino acids or other moietiescompatible with polyethylene glycol groups. Still other linkers comprisepolypeptides of amino acid residues (D or L) to which are bonded VICBgroups or to labile groups as otherwise disclosed herein which are, inturn, bonded to CYT moieties as otherwise described herein. In anotherembodiment, as otherwise described herein, polypeptides may comprisenon-naturally occurring amino acids (non-naturally occurring except forglycine) of the non-labile linker each of which has anywhere from 1-15methylene groups separating the amino group from the acid group (andfrom 1 to 100 peptide groups) in providing a linker to the moiety. Notethat each non-labile linker [NLL] otherwise described herein may belinked together, thus forming a longer extended non-labile linkercomprising portions which are themselves considered non-labile linkers.

Another non-labile linker (which also may be used as an extension of anon-labile linker as described above and is often used as such)according to the present invention includes a linker based uponsuccinimide according to the chemical formula:

where each X^(S) is independently S, O or N—R^(S), preferably S;R^(S) is H or C₁₋₃ alkyl, preferably H;S_(c) is CH₂; CH₂O; or CH₂CH₂O;i is 0 or 1; andm^(S) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

Another non-labile linker is a moiety according to the chemical formula:

Where Z and Z′ are each independently a bond, —(CH₂)_(i)—O,—(CH₂)_(i)—S, —(CH₂)_(i)—N—R,

wherein said —(CH₂)_(i) group, if present in Z or Z′, is bonded to aconnector, ABT or CBT;Each R is H, or a C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol group;Each R² is independently H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;Each Y is independently a bond, O, S or N—R;Each i is independently 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1,2, 3, 4 or 5;D is

ora bond, with the proviso that Z, Z′ and D are not each simultaneouslybonds;i is the same as above;j is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;m′ is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;n is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;X¹ is O, S or N—R; andR is as described above,or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.

The term “connector”, “connector molecule”, “connector group” or“connector moiety” symbolized in the generic formulas by [CON] or CON,is used to describe a chemical group or moiety which is optionallyincluded in bifunctional compounds according to the present invention.These moieties, when present, covalently connect one or more VICBmoieties to a labile linker to which a CYT moiety is covalentlyattached, or alternatively, these moieties connect to the VICBmoiety(ies) through a non-labile linker (NLL) and to a labile linker,which is covalently linked to a CYT moiety. The connector group may bethe resulting moiety which forms from the facile condensation of two ormore separate chemical fragments which contain reactive groups which canprovide connector groups as otherwise described herein to producebifunctional or multifunctional compounds according to the presentinvention. It is noted that a connector may be distinguishable from alinker in that the connector is the result of a specific chemistry whichis used to provide connector molecules according to the presentinvention wherein the reaction product of these groups results in anidentifiable connector group or part of a connector group which isdistinguishable from the linker group, although in certain instances,incorporated into the linker group, as otherwise described herein. It isnoted also that a connector group may be linked to a number of linkersto provide multifunctionality (i.e., more than one VICB moiety and/ormore than one CYT moiety within the same molecule. It is noted thatthere may be some overlap between the description of the connector groupand the linker group such that the connector group is actuallyincorporated or forms part of the linker, especially with respect tomore common connector groups such as amide groups, oxygen (ether),sulfur (thioether) or amine linkages, urea or carbonate —OC(O)O— groupsas otherwise described herein. It is further noted that a connector (orlinker) may be connected to VICB, a linker (e.g. a non-labile linkerNLL, a labile linker LL or both) or CYT moieties at positions which arerepresented as being linked to another group using the using the symbol

Where two or more such groups are present in a linker or connector, anyof a VICB moiety, a linker (NLL and/or LL) or a may be bonded to such agroup. Where that symbol is not used, the link may be at one or morepositions of a moiety.

Common connector groups which are used in the present invention includethe following chemical groups:

Where X² is O, S, NR⁴, S(O), S(O)₂, —S(O)₂O, —OS(O)₂, or OS(O)₂O;X³ is O, S, NR⁴; andR⁴ is H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol group, or a —C(O)(C₁-C₃) group. Thetriazole group, indicated above, is a preferred connector group.

As discussed hereinabove, it is noted that each of the above groups maybe further linked to a chemical moiety which bonds two or more of theabove connector groups into a multifunctional connector, thus providingcomplex multifunctional compounds comprising more than one VICB and/orCYT groups within the multifunctional compound.

Thus, multifunctional moieties which contain three or more functionalgroups may be used to covalently bind to one or more VICB groups,linkers (NLL and/or LL linker groups), CYT groups and/or CON groups) tocreate compounds containing more than one VICB and/or CYT group. Thesemultifunctional groups include any chemical moiety which contains atleast three functional groups which can be used to covalently bind tothe various groups as described above. Preferred multifunctionalconnector groups for use in the present invention include five orsix-membered ring aryl or heteroaryl groups (especially six-memberedring groups) exemplified by multifunctional, especially trifunctional ortetrafunctional aryl or heteroaryl groups, including phenyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl groups,each of which is substituted with at least 3 and up to 6 functionalgroups. These groups preferably include phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl and1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl groups, especiallygroups according to the chemical structure:

where Y₄ is C—H or N; andX″ is an electrophilic or nucleophilic group, preferably (CH₂)_(n″)O,(CH₂)_(n″)N^(RCON), (CH₂)_(n″)S, (CH₂)_(n″) or (CH₂)_(n″)C═O;where N^(RCON) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl, preferably H or CH₃ andn″ is 0, 1, 2 or 3.Pharmaceutical Compositions

Pharmaceutical compositions comprise combinations of an effective amountof at least one bifunctional compound according to the presentinvention, and one or more of the compounds otherwise described herein,all in effective amounts, in combination with a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount of a carrier, additive or excipient, represents afurther aspect of the present invention.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated in aconventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers and may also be administered in controlled-releaseformulations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used inthese pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ionexchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, suchas human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine,sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturatedvegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as prolaminesulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate,sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate,polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol,sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol andwool fat.

The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally,parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally,buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral”as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal,intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusiontechniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally,intraperitoneally or intravenously.

Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may beaqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulatedaccording to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparationmay also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxicparenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oilmay be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids,such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in thepreparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptableoils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in theirpolyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may alsocontain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv orsimilar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used includelactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate,are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form,useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueoussuspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combinedwith emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may beadministered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritatingexcipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectaltemperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered topically. Suitable topical formulations are readilyprepared for each of these areas or organs. Topical application for thelower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppositoryformulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation.Topically-acceptable transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may beformulated in a suitable ointment containing the active componentsuspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topicaladministration of the compounds of this invention include, but are notlimited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propyleneglycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax andwater. In certain preferred aspects of the invention, the topical creamor lotion may be used prophylatically to prevent infection when appliedtopically in areas prone toward virus infection. In additional aspects,the compounds according to the present invention may be coated onto theinner surface of a condom and utilized to reduce the likelihood ofinfection during sexual activity.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in asuitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended ordissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitablecarriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated asmicronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or,preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, eitherwith our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions maybe formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions areprepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceuticalformulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizingor dispersing agents.

The amount of compound in a pharmaceutical composition of the instantinvention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce asingle dosage form will vary depending upon the host and diseasetreated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, thecompositions should be formulated to contain between about 0.05milligram to about 750 milligrams or more, more preferably about 1milligram to about 600 milligrams, and even more preferably about 10milligrams to about 500 milligrams of active ingredient, alone or incombination with at least one other bifunctional compound according tothe present invention or other anti-HIV agent which may be used to treatHIV infection or a secondary effect or condition thereof.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatmentregimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety offactors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, theage, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration,rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treatingphysician and the severity of the particular disease or condition beingtreated.

A patient or subject (e.g. a male human) suffering from HIV infectioncan be treated by administering to the patient (subject) an effectiveamount of the CDM-H compound according to the present inventionincluding pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or polymorphs,thereof optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent,either alone, or in combination with other known antiviral orpharmaceutical agents, preferably agents which can assist in treatingHIV infection, including AIDS or ameliorate the secondary effects andconditions associated with HIV infection. This treatment can also beadministered in conjunction with other conventional HIV therapies. Thecoadministration of latent HIV activator compounds such as prostratin,bradystatin 1, and related analogues as set forth in FIG. 4, hereof (seeDe Christopher, et al., Nature Chemistry, published online Jul. 15,2012, pages 1-6), bryostatin 1, bryostatin 2, IL-7, histone deacetylaseinhibitors, including zolinza (vorinostat), DNA methylation inhibitorsincluding decogen (decitabine) and mixtures thereof represents analternative approach to the treatment of HIV which can result ineffective therapy including the eradication of HIV (cure) from apatient.

These compounds can be administered by any appropriate route, forexample, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally,subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid, cream, gel, or solid form, orby aerosol form.

The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient atherapeutically effective amount for the desired indication, withoutcausing serious toxic effects in the patient treated. A preferred doseof the active compound for all of the herein-mentioned conditions is inthe range from about 10 ng/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 100 mg/kgper day, more generally 0.5 to about 25 mg per kilogram body weight ofthe recipient/patient per day. A typical topical dosage will range from0.01-5% wt/wt in a suitable carrier.

The compound is conveniently administered in any suitable unit dosageform, including but not limited to one containing less than 1 mg, 1 mgto 3000 mg, preferably 5 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosageform. An oral dosage of about 25-250 mg is often convenient.

The active ingredient is preferably administered to achieve peak plasmaconcentrations of the active compound of about 0.00001-30 mM, preferablyabout 0.1-30 μM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenousinjection of a solution or formulation of the active ingredient,optionally in saline, or an aqueous medium or administered as a bolus ofthe active ingredient. Oral administration is also appropriate togenerate effective plasma concentrations of active agent.

The concentration of active compound in the drug composition will dependon absorption, distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of thedrug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It isto be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein areexemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice ofthe claimed composition. The active ingredient may be administered atonce, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to beadministered at varying intervals of time.

Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound or its prodrug derivative can be incorporated with excipientsand used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceuticallycompatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included aspart of the composition.

The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any ofthe following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a bindersuch as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; anexcipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginicacid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearateor Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. When the dosage unitform is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the abovetype, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unitforms can contain various other materials which modify the physical formof the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or entericagents.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can beadministered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer,chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the activecompounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyesand colorings and flavors.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof canalso be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desiredaction, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such asother anti-HIV agents, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, orantiviral compounds. In certain preferred aspects of the invention, oneor more CDM-H compounds according to the present invention arecoadministered with another anti-HIV agent and/or another bioactiveagent, especially including a latent HIV activator as otherwisedescribed herein.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous,or topical application can include the following components: a sterilediluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils,polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other syntheticsolvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methylparabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite;chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers suchas acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment oftonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parental preparationcan be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vialsmade of glass or plastic.

If administered intravenously, preferred carriers are physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled release formulation, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

Liposomal suspensions may also be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in theart, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposomeformulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such asstearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline,arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganicsolvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of driedlipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the activecompound are then introduced into the container. The container is thenswirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the containerand to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomalsuspension.

Development of CDM-Hs

While developing cytotoxic-drug delivery small-molecules targeting HIV(CDM-Hs), the first concern was how the conjugated cytotoxic agent wouldgain entry into the targeted cell in order to induce a cytotoxicresponse. Although there is a significant body of literature pertainingto the development of chimeric toxins targeting HIV-infected cells,there have been no studies reporting how these conjugates are able togain entry into the infected cell to deliver the cytotoxic payload. TheEnv complex is known to possess a highly conserved cytoplasmic tailcontaining a tyrosine endocytic signal sequence, and Env has been shownto undergo endocytosis during the period of infection, possibly to evadeimmune recognition.²³⁻²⁵ Cellular endocytosis has been extensivelyreviewed,²⁶ as has been the development of drug-delivery strategies thattarget the endocytic pathway.^(27, 28) Given that most active endocyticpathways lead to lysosome fusion,²⁹ most drug delivery strategies thattarget endocytic pathways utilize linkers (which connect a targetingmoiety to the payload) that can be hydrolyzed at low pH or linkers thatcontain peptidic substrates for lysosomal proteases (e.g., cathepsin B),thus releasing the active cytotoxic drug or other payload.²⁷Alternatively, the payload can be attached to the delivery/targetingmolecule in such a way that does not disrupt its function. Consideringthese factors, they initially focused on chemical linker strategies thatwould release the chosen cytotoxic payload in acidic aqueousenvironments; however, in future studies, alternate conjugationstrategies (e.g., disulfide bond, protease substrates) should also beconsidered.

The next consideration for CDM-H design was the choice of cytotoxicmolecule. Consistent with our overall goal of developingsmall-molecule-based alternatives to protein/peptide-based therapeutics,they chose not to utilize cytotoxic proteins, such as Pseudomonasexotoxin A, but rather low molecular weight, non-peptidic cytotoxicagents. The use of cytotoxic small molecules to kill HIV-infected cellsis limited to only one study.¹⁸ In this work, the cytotoxicanthracycline doxorubicin was conjugated to an anti-gp120 antibody viaan acid-labile acyl hydrazone (see discussion above). In addition, sincedoxorubicin is a mainstay of cancer therapeutics, there are asignificant number of investigations that conjugate thischemotherapeutic to various targeting moieties (e.g., monoclonalantibodies,³⁰ peptides,³¹ and various small molecules³²) as well ascarrier peptides³³ and to half-life enhancing molecules.³⁴ Thus, much isknown not only about its activity but also conjugation chemistry.³⁵⁻³⁷Given these factors, the inventors utilized doxorubicin as our cytotoxicpayload, however, this strategy is not limited, and thus can (and iscurrently) be extended to the use of other cytotoxic agents, such aslomaiviticins, chlorambucil, carbocisplatin, calicheamicins, etc.

The initial CDM-H design was based on studies by Kiessling andcoworkers, in which they conjugated doxorubicin to a non-peptidicα_(v)β₃-integrin targeting molecule via ester linkage at the alphahydroxy group.³⁸ CDM-H 4.19 (FIG. 2) was synthesized as shown in SchemesS4.3 (FIG. 4) and S4.4 (FIG. 5) and is based upon the ARM-H scaffold (asdescribed in WO 2011/046946, Apr. 21, 2011 and WO 2012/068366 May 24,2012) with the linker connected to the primary hydroxyl group ofdoxorubicin at the meta-position of the benzamide ring. The inventorsfirst confirmed that the conjugation to doxorubicin did not impair theability of 4.19 to bind to gp120 and inhibit the CD4 interaction. Asshown in FIG. 10, 4.19 did indeed inhibit the CD4-gp120 interaction at asimilar potency observed for the ARM-H 3.11 analog. Next, the inventorssought to determine if 4.19 could selectively kill HIV-1 gp120expressing cells over control cells. For this, the inventors developed acell viability assay in which they seeded CHO-env (gp120+) cells or theisogenic control cells CHO-pSV (gp120−) into 96-well plates, then addedincreasing concentrations of 4.19 and monitored the cell viability overa set time of 14 h. As can be seen from FIG. 10, 4.19 exhibitedsignificant (˜12%) gp120-specific cytotoxicity at concentrations as lowas 309 nM. More importantly, no non-specific cytotoxicity was observed,even at concentrations as high as 67 μM, while free doxorubicin wasnon-specifically toxic. As a positive control, they performed a parallelassay with CD4-PE (FIG. 10). Interestingly, they observed gp120-specifictoxicity of 4.19 at concentrations in which no toxicity was observed forfree doxorubicin (at 310 nM and 1.85 M). These observations suggest thatmodification of doxorubicin (conjugation to TBT/VICB) reduces itsoverall toxicity at higher concentrations. However, it increases thegp120-specific toxicity at lower concentrations, suggesting that theaddition of the gp120 targeting group (TBT/VICB) enhances the effectiveconcentration of doxorubicin in gp120 expressing cells over non-gp120expressing cells. However, when CDM-H compound 4.19 (see FIG. 2) wasincubated with cells for longer times (24 h), they noticed a completeloss in selectivity between gp120+ and gp120− cells as well as anincrease in overall toxicity (4.19 was more toxic at longer incubationtimes than shorter times).

With this loss of selectivity and increase in toxicity, the inventorshypothesized that the ester linkage may have undergone hydrolysis,producing the free active form of doxorubicin. In order to investigatethis possibility, we developed an LC/MS method to monitor the half-lifeof 4.19 when incubated under the assay conditions used in thecytotoxicity assay. Interestingly, we observed that the half-life of theester bond in PBS buffer at 37° C. was approximately 5.6 h (FIG. 11),suggesting that the loss in selectivity over longer incubation times mayindeed be the result of hydrolysis. In order to compensate for thelability of this ester linkage, we explored alternative conjugationstrategies.

In studies by Vyas and co-workers, doxorubicin was conjugated to alinker via an acyl hydrazone linkage, which was found to be completelystable at pH 7.4, however, at pH 5.0 (approximate pH of lysosome is4-5³⁹), it possessed a hydrolysis half-life of approximately 5 h.³⁵Considering these observations, we synthesized a new CDM-H analog (4.20,FIG. 2) which has doxorubicin conjugated to the TBT/VICB moiety via acylhydrazone. In addition, in this CDM-H, the PEG linker was attached tothe furan of the TBT/VICB, which results in higher gp120 affinity. Theinventors first demonstrated that the hydrolysis half-life of 4.20 at pH7.4 was extended to approximately 55 hours (FIG. 12) and that itmaintained the ability to inhibit the CD4-gp120 interaction (FIG. 13).Next, using the xCELLigence cell viability monitoring system, weexamined the toxicity of 4.20 (10 μM) against CHO-env (gp120+) cells andCHO-pSv (gp120−) cells over a period of 150 h both when 4.20 was addedonly once and when added multiple times (growth media removed andreplenished with fresh media containing 4.20). As shown in FIG. 14,under conditions in which 4.20 was added only once, the inventorsobserved a consistent ˜10% gp120-selective toxicity, however, when 4.20was added multiple times, gp120-selective toxicity increases to ˜35% (at˜80 h). The inventors hypothesize that the recycling of the mediaremoves any non-specific doxorubicin (via hydrolyzed 4.20) andreplenishes it with non-hydrolyze 4.20 which can still targetgp120-expressing cells. Despite these results, under both conditions weobserved a significant increase in toxicity of 4.20 against the CHO-pSVcells (gp120−).

The inventors hypothesized that this non-specific toxicity is the resultof non-specific uptake of 4.20. Since doxorubicin itself isfluorescent,⁴⁰ the inventors performed immunofluorescence microscopy totrack the subcellular location of 4.20 over time. In this experiment,the inventors co-stained CHO-env (gp120+) and CHO-pSv (gp120−) cellswith LysoTracker dye, which stains acidic organelles of the cells (i.e.,lysosomes) and incubated with 4.20. As can be seen in FIG. 15, there issignificant co-localization of (4.20-doxorubicin) and (LysoTracker)fluorescence for both the CHO-env and CHO-pSv cells, suggesting that4.20 is localized to the lysosomes of both cell types independently ofgp120 expression. During the same incubation time, free doxorubicinrapidly enters the nucleus of the cell (FIG. 16). During thisincubation, after approximately 20 h we noticed that 4.20 began formingaggregates, possibly micelles, which is not unreasonable considering thepolarity of doxorubicin (i.e., one primary amine, 5 hydroxyl groups)compared to that of the TBT/VICB moiety, which is relativelyhydrophobic. Concentration-dependent aggregate formation was alsoconfirmed by dynamic light scattering analysis (FIG. 16). Non-specificendocytosis and pinocytosis of micelles, aggregates and nanoparticles isa well known feature of mammalian cells,⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ and thus may explain therelatively high levels of non-specific cytotoxicity of 4.20.

The inventors hypothesize that the long linker length of 4.20 may favorseparate solvation of the doxorubicin as well as the VICB, thuspromoting micelle formation. In alternative studies, the linker lengthis reduced (similar to that of 4.19). The synthesis of analogs withshorter linkers and their biological evaluation is currently ongoing inthe lab. In addition, alternate conjugation strategies and cytotoxicpayloads are investigated. In addition, the inventors are using CDM-Hsaccording to the present invention in an “activation-elimination”strategy⁷ to target latent HIV infection (FIG. 1). In these studies, theinventors examine the ability of CDM-Hs to selectively kill latentlyinfected cells that have been activated (induced to express HIVproteins)^(45, 46) with molecules such as prostratin^(47, 48) and otherlatent HIV activators in various cell and animal models.⁴⁹⁻⁵¹

The following detailed description outlines the design and synthesis ofa number of bifunctional small-molecules capable of delivering cytotoxicmoities into cell (CD4 cells) which are infected with HIV.

The following chemical syntheses which are presented in Scheme 1 (FIG.4) and Scheme 2 (FIG. 5) may be used to synthesize the compound labeledas 4.19 in FIG. 2 which shows exceptional activity as an anti-HIV agent.The Scheme 1 chemical synthesis provides intermediate S4.11 from basicstarting materials which represents a basic VICP moiety to which alinker has been attached on the benzoyl group to provide intermediateamine S4.11. Intermediate amine S4.11 can be used to condense anappropriately substituted cytotoxic agent such as doxorubicin or othercytotoxic groups as described herein to produce final compound 4.19pursuant to Scheme 2. Minor modifications of the scheme 1 chemistry mayproduce linkers at various positions of the VICB moiety which may beused to link cytotoxic moieties as otherwise described herein.Alternative synthesis which are set forth in chemical schemes 4.5 (FIG.6), Scheme 4 (FIG. 7), Scheme 5 (FIG. 8) and Scheme 6 (FIG. 9) and asdescribed in related international applications WO 2011/046946 and WO2012/068366 provide standard chemical syntheses of all of the relatedVICB moieties to which cytotoxic moieties may be linked at variouspositions of the moiety (using non-labile linkers and/or labile linkersand/or connector moieties as generally described herein). Attaching oneor more of the labile linkers which are described herein can be affordedreadily using standard synthetic chemical techniques by condensing anucleophilic group onto an electrophilic group to afford a cytotoxicmoiety (CYT) which is linked to a VICB moiety through a labile linkerand optionally a non-labile linker and/or a connector moiety. Thisstandard chemistry is well known in the art.

For example, Scheme 1 (FIG. 1) provides a straight forward chemicalsynthesis to provide functional group chemistry which can be readilymodified to introduce a labile linker and cytotoxic moiety on the aminemoiety of the phenyl group as depicted for compound S4.11. In thisscheme, the Arene 1 group (which in the scheme is a furan group, but canvary considerably pursuant to the present invention by introducing anarene 1 group as otherwise disclosed herein onto the carbon of theindole which is substituted with a bromine group) remains unsubstituted(but can be readily substituted using a substituted arene 1 precursor)as is the methoxy group on the head position of the indole group. Scheme4.4 (FIG. 5) shows the condensation of an appropriately modifiedcytotoxic group (in this case doxorubicin) which is condensed onto theamine end of compound S4.11 to form compound 4.19 as the formate salt.

Scheme 4.5 (FIG. 6) shows the formation of final compound 4.20 fromamine compound S3.37 (containing a substituted Arene 1 group to which alinker-cytotoxic moiety construct is attached, the synthesis of which isdepicted in Scheme 5, FIG. 8 hereof) by reacting amine S3.37 with2-mercapto propanoic acid to form intermediate S4.14. Intermediate S4.14is condensed onto the cytotoxic moiety S4.15 which contains an acidlabile linker group and a maleimide group onto which the thiol groupfrom S4.14 may be introduced to provide compound 4.20 as acetate salt.

Scheme 4 (FIG. 7A) provides a facile synthesis of intermediate S3.19which provides a piperazine group on a bromo- and methoxy substitutedindole group which can be readily functionalized pursuant to the presentinvention with an optionally substituted arene 2 group which group maybe substituted or unsubstituted and may be further covalently linked toa labile linker and cytotoxic moiety. In addition, intermediate S3.29may be modified to introduce an optionally substituted Arene 1 group(which can be further functionalized to contain a cytotoxic group) atthe bromo-substituted position and the indole group may further modifiedto contain a cytotoxic moiety at the methoxy position of the indolegroup. Thus, scheme 5, FIG. 7 shows the basic synthesis of a readilyfunctionalized intermediate from available starting material S3.15 toprovide, through several steps, intermediate S3.19 which contains apiperazine group which may be further functionalized pursuant to thepresent invention. In addition, the bromo group on the indole may bereadily substituted with a functionalized Arene 1 group as set forth inScheme 5, FIG. 8 hereof (e.g. amine protected/NHBoc arene group such asa furan or other aryl group) to displace the bromine group, followed bylinking the unprotected amine group on the Arene I group with, forexample, a non-labile linker, a connector (e.g. a 1,2,3-triazole group)molecule, a labile linker and a cytotoxic group. These reactions aregeneralized from the chemistry which is otherwise disclosed herein. Thischemical approach to functionalizing the Arene I group chemistry asdepicted in Scheme 5, FIG. 8, is also described generally ininternational patent publication WO2012/068366, which is incorporated byreference herein.

FIG. 7B shows the modification of the cytotoxic compound doxorubicin toprovide a labile linker which is further linked to a group which can becondensed with the VICB moiety as per the chemical synthesis scheme 4.5(FIG. 6). Likewise, each of the cytotoxic compounds which may be usedpursuant to the present invention may be readily derivatived andfunctionalized by reacting a functional group (as indicated in thedefinition of cytotoxicity terminus or cytotoxic agent moiety) in thecytotoxic molecule to provide a labile linker, which is further linkedto the VICB moiety, through a non-labile linker and an optionalconnector molecule, to provide compounds according to the presentinvention.

Scheme 6, FIG. 9 shows the introduction of a cytotoxic moiety on thehead position of the pyrrolopyridine heteroaryl moiety as depicted.Accordingly, the chemical synthesis of pyrrolopyridine moietiescontaining a cytotoxic moiety on the head position may be afforded. Thisapproach may be adapted to other compounds which are described herein.In Scheme 6, FIG. 9, the introduction of an ethylene glycol linker atthe head position which is substituted with an azide may be reacted withthe functionalized acetylenic intermediate such that a triazineconnector molecule is formed optionally containing a second ethyleneglycol linker as depicted. Alternatives to this approach may be readilyprovided by facile modification of the chemistry depicted in Scheme 6hereof.

Other chemical syntheses of all of the compounds described herein arereadily adapted from the synthetic schemes described or alternatively,from chemical synthetic schemes which are presented in WO 2010/052344and WO 2012/068366, which references are incorporated herein to providea variety of modified VICB moieties. To these VICB moieties may beattached a linker moiety and an optional connector moiety which arefurther condensed through a labile linker as otherwise described hereinonto a cytotoxic moiety to provide all of the CDM-H compounds accordingto the present invention.

The above-described chemical schemes provide exemplary syntheses ofcompounds according to the present invention with various iterations ofsame provided by analogy using well known methods as described hereinand as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. It is notedthat the experimental section provides significant detail to allow thefacile synthesis of a variety of bifunctional compounds as otherwisedescribed herein. It is noted that the schemes which are provided arenot to be considered limiting in setting forth teachings which providecompounds according to the present invention.

While specific analogs have been shown and described, the presentinvention is not limited to these specific analogs and other cytotoxicagents that can function to eliminate HIV infected CD4 cells connectedby a (labile) linker to a binding terminus (VICB) that will bind to theHIV glycoprotein gp120 (gp120 on the viral membrane as well as gp120displayed on infected cells), would fall within the scope of the presentinvention. All of these compounds can be formulated into pharmaceuticalcompositions as otherwise described herein and used in the methods whichare presented.

DETAILED SYNTHETIC INFORMATION AND BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONAbbreviations Used

AcOH=acetic acid

Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl

BSA=bovine serum albumin

DCM=dichloromethane

DEPBT=3-(Diethoxyphosphorylloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-(3H)-one

DIPEA=N,N-diisopropylethylamine

DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide

DNP=2,4-dinitrophenyl

DPBS=Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline

EDC=1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide

EtOAc=ethyl acetate

Fmoc=9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl

HI-FBS=heat inactivated fetal bovine serum

HOBt=hydroxybenzotriazole

MeCN=acetonitrile

MeOH=methanol

MW=microwave reactor

NaAsc=sodium ascorbate

pyr=pyridine

tBuOH=t-butanol

TEA=triethylamine

TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

THF=tetrahydrofurane

Materials and General Information

Purchased starting materials were used as received unless otherwisenoted. All moisture sensitive reactions were performed in an inert, dryatmosphere of nitrogen in flame dried glassware. Reagent grade solventswere used for extractions and flash chromatography. Reaction progresswas checked by analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC, Merck silicagel 60 F-254 plates). The plates were monitored either with UVillumination, or by charring with anisaldehyde (2.5% p-anisaldehyde, 1%AcOH, 3.5% H₂SO₄(conc.) in 95% EtOH) or ninhydrin (0.3% ninhydrin (w/v),97:3 EtOH-AcOH) stains. Flash column chromatography was performed usingsilica gel (230-400 mesh). The solvent compositions reported for allchromatographic separations are on a volume/volume (v/v) basis.Molecular graphics and analyses were performed with the UCSF Chimerapackage. Chimera is developed by the Resource for Biocomputing,Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, SanFrancisco, funded by grants from the National Institutes of HealthNational Center for Research Resources (2P41RR001081) and NationalInstitute of General Medical Sciences (9P41GM103311).

Instrumentation

¹H-NMR spectra were recorded at either 400 or 500 MHz and are reportedin parts per million (ppm) on the δ scale relative to solvent as aninternal standard (CDCl3=7.26 ppm, DMSO-d6=2.49 ppm, CD3OD=3.30). Dataare reported as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet,d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, br=broad, m=multiplet), couplingconstants (Hz), and integration. ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded at either100 or 125 MHz and are reported in parts per million (ppm) on the δscale relative to solvent as an internal standard (CDCl3=77.0 ppm,DMSO-d6=39.5 ppm, CD3OD=49.0 ppm). Analytical ultra high-performanceliquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was performed on aWaters UPLC/MS instrument equipped with a reversephase C18 column (1.7μm particle size, 2.1 Å˜50 mm), dual atmospheric pressure chemicalionization (API)/electrospray (ESI) mass spectrometry detector, andphotodiode array detector. Samples were eluted with a linear gradient of20% acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% formic acid→100% acetonitrilecontaining 0.1% formic acid over 3 min, followed by 100% acetonitrilecontaining 0.1% formic acid for 1 min, at a flow rate of 800 μL/min.High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) wasperformed on a Waters UPLC/HRMS instrument equipped with a dual API/ESIhigh-resolution mass spectrometer, and a photodiode array detector. HighPressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using a Dynamax Rainin SolventDelivery System equipped with a Varian Prostar Detector (GalaxieChromatography Data System version 1.8.505.5), and absorbancemeasurements were made at 214 and 254 nm simultaneously. A Waters XterraPrep MS C18 7.8×150 mm column was used for semi-preparativepurifications using a water:acetonitrile (A:B) gradient containing 0.1%TFA at 5.0 mL/min, as specified below for individual compounds. Flashcolumn chromatography (unless otherwise noted) was performed usingsilica gel (230-400 mesh) using Teledyne Isco CombiFlash Rf 200 equippedwith a UV detector and fraction collector. Attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR) were obtained using aThermo Electron Corporation Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer. Data arerepresented as follows: frequency of absorption (cm-1), intensity ofabsorption (s=strong, m=medium, w=weak, br=broad).

Chemical Synthetic Procedures

Following Scheme 1, FIG. 4.

Synthesis of amine (S4.11) precursor to CDM-H 4.18 (S4.7) To a flaskequipped with a reflux condenser containing S4.6⁵² (500 mg, 1.39 mmol)in MeCN (25 mL), added methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate (243 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.15equiv) and K₂CO₃ (221 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.15 equiv). Heated to 75° C. underuntil TLC (5:1 hexanes/EtOAc) indicated reaction completion (18 hrs).Reaction was allowed to cool to RT, then quenched with sat. NH4Cl (30mL), extracted with DCM (3×40 mL) and then dried over anhyd. MgSO4 andfiltered. Volatiles were removed via rotary evaporation and crude S4.7was purified by flash chromatography (CombiFlash AutomatedChromatographer, 24 g column, dryloaded with 4 g pre-packed dry loadingcolumn. Run using 100% hexanes to 50% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over 20column volumes) to yield S4.7 as a clear sticky solid (391 mg, 83%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=2.5, 1H), 7.33 (t,J=8.0, 1H), 7.17-7.09 (m, 1H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 4.19-4.14 (m, 2H),3.85-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=5.1, 2H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S4.8) A solution of S4.7 (310 mg, 0.91 mmol) in THF (12 mL) and aq.NaOH (2M, 5.7 mL) was heated to reflux for 18 hrs when TLC indicatedreaction completion (20:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH). The solution was acidified to apH of 1 using 6M aq. HCl and then extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried over anhyd. MgSO₄, filtered, and allsolvents were evaporated, resulting in S4.8 as a clear viscous oil (293mg, 99%), which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) ä 12.34-10.19 (br s, 1H), 7.77-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.17(m, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 3.84 (br s, 2H), 3.62 (m, 2H), 3.35(m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S4.9) To a flame-dried flask containing a solution of S4.8 (100 mg,0.307 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in DCM (10 mL), added S3.5a (100 mg, 0.27 mmol),EDC-HCl (48 mg, 0.307 mmol, 1.1 equiv), HOBT (39 mg, 0.307 mmol, 1.1equiv) and DIPEA (120 uL, 0.81 mmol, 3 equiv). Resulting mixture wasstirred at RT for 14 hr when TLC (9:1 DCM/CH₃OH) indicated reactioncompletion. Mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed with sat.NaHCO₃ (15 mL), sat. NH₄Cl (15 mL) and brine (15 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over anhyd. MgSO₄, filtered, and all solventswere evaporated, resulting in crude S4.9 as a sticky solid. Crude S4.9was purified by flash chromatography (CombiFlash AutomatedChromatographer, 12 g column, dryloaded with 24 g pre-packed dry loadingcolumn. Run using 100% DCM to 10% MeOH in DCM gradient over 30 columnvolumes) to yield S4.9 as a fluffy colorless powder solid (132 mg, 73%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.20 (m, 2H),6.98 (br s, 3H), 6.56 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 5.10-4.90 (br s, 1H), 4.12 (s,2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.85-3.20 (m, 14H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S4.10) To S4.9 (50 mg, 0.074 mmol) in DCM (500 μL) added TFA (333 μL),resulting in a color change from clear to clear-yellow. After 1 hr, TLCindicated reaction completion (9:1 DCM/MeOH). Carefully removedvolatiles via rotary evaporation, washing several times with DCM,resulting in crude S4.10 (42 mg, 0.073 mmol, 99%) as a sticky solid,which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d₄) δ8.14 (s, 1H), 7.40 (br s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=8.5, 1H),4.22 (br s, 2H), 3.99-3.41 (m, 15H), 3.16 (br s, 2H).

(S4.11) To a solution of S4.10 (74 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL)/H₂O(1.8 mL) in a microwave vial, added NaHCO₃ (12.8 mg, 0.153 mmol, 1.4equiv) and 2-furanylbornic acid (17.1 mg, 0.153 mmol, 1.4 equiv).Removed O₂ from solution by bubbling with N₂ for at least 10 min.Carefully added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (6.3 mg, 5.46 μmol, 5 mol %), capped vial andheated in a microwave reactor for 15 min at 150° C. when UPLC/MSindicated consumption of starting material and formation of product.Evaporated all solvents and purified crude S4.11 was purified by flashchromatography (CombiFlash Automated Chromatographer, 12 g column,dryloaded with 4 g pre-packed dry loading column. Run using 100% DCM to10% MeOH in DCM gradient over 15 column volumes, then 10-30% MeOH in DCMover 5 column volumes) to yield S4.11 as a yellow powder (58 mg, 94%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.1,1H), 6.94 (br s, 3H), 6.68 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 6.63-6.57 (m, 1H), 6.54-6.38(m, 1H), 4.11 (br s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.85-3.20 (m, 12H), 3.06 (s,2H). UPLC/HRMS (ESI+) calc'd for [M+H]⁺ C₃₀H₃₃N₄O₇ ⁺ 561.2344, found561.2398.

Scheme 2, FIG. 5—

Final Assembly of CDM-H 4.19 from amine S4.11 and known NHS-ester S4.12.

(S4.13) To a flame-dried flask containing S4.12³⁸ (27 mg, 0.028 mmol)dissolved in anhydrous DMF (2.2 mL), added S4.11 (38 mg, 0.068 mmol, 2.4equiv), resulting in a light-red homogenous solution that was stirred atRT under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After approximately 4 hrs, addedDIPEA (8 μL), resulting in a color change to dark red. Within 1 hr,UPLC/MS indicated consumption of starting material and formation ofproduct mass. Volatiles were carefully removed via rotary evaporationand crude S4.13 was purified by flash chromatography (CombiFlashAutomated Chromatographer, 12 g column, dryloaded with 4 g pre-packeddry loading column. Run using 100% DCM to 7% MeOH in DCM gradient over40 column volumes, then 20% MeOH flush) to yield S4.13 as a red residue(19 mg, 48%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.15-13.64 (m, 1H), 13.31-13.00(m, 1H), 10.34-9.61 (m, 2H), 8.14-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.91-7.28 (m, 11H),7.18-6.81 (m, 4H), 6.77-6.29 (m, 4H), 5.51-5.33 (m, 2H), 5.25-4.98 (m,3H), 4.84-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.26 (br s, 2H), 4.26-4.00 (m, 6H),3.94-3.18 (m, 18H), 3.05-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.71-1.71 (m, 10H), 1.43-1.10 (m,5H). UPLC/HRMS (ESI+) calc'd for [M+H]⁺ C₇₇H₇₆N₅O₂₂ ⁺ 1422.4976, found1422.4956, t_(R) 1.86 min.

(4.19) To a flame-dried flask containing a solution of S4.13 (19 mg,0.013 mmol) in anhyd. DMF (1 mL), added piperadine (100 μL), resultingin a color change from red to purple/blue. After 2.5 hrs, UPLC/MSindicated the formation of Fmoc-deprotected product and consumption ofstarting material. The reaction was quenched with 1% formic acid in DMFdrop-wise until reaction solution changed color from blue to red (˜500μL) and volatiles were removed via rotary evaporation. Resulting crude4.19 was purified by reverse-phase HPLC (0-80% B over 60 min.; Note:0.1% formic acid substituted for 0.1% TFA for both solvents A and B) andpure fractions were combined and dried via lyophilizer, resulting inpure 4.19 (5.6 mg, 36%) as a red powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ14.06-13.69 (m, 1H), 13.25-12.99 (m, 1H) 10.64-10.47 (m, 1H), 8.02 (brs, 2H), 7.94-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.27(br s, 2H), 7.12-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.60 (br s, 2H), 6.50-6.43 (m, 1H),5.50-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.35-5.03 (m, 3H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.91(s, 3H), 3.86-3.32 (m, 18H), 3.25-3.14 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.89 (m, 2H),2.55-2.19 (m, 6H), 2.10-1.89 (m, 3H), 1.36-1.11 (m, 5H). Note: samplecontaminated with formate salt. UPLC/HRMS (ESI+) calc'd for [M+H]⁺C₆₂H₆₆N₅O₂₀+1200.4296, found 1200.4299, t_(R) 1.41 min.

Following Scheme 3, FIG. 6.

Final assembly of CDM-H 4.20 from thiol S4.14 and known maleimide S4.15.

(S4.14) To a flame-dried flask containing a solution of S3.37 (55 mg,0.053 mmol; in DCM (1 mL), added 3-mercaptanioc acid (11.5 mg, 7.9 μL0.11 mmol, 2 equiv), EDC-HCl (18.5 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.8 equiv), HOBT (16mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.8 equiv) and DIPEA (44 uL, 3 equiv). Resulting mixturewas stirred at RT for 11 hr when UPLC/MS indicated reaction completion.All solvents were evaporated, resulting in crude S4.14 as a stickysolid, which was purified by flash chromatography (CombiFlash AutomatedChromatographer, 4 g column, dryloaded with 4 g pre-packed dry loadingcolumn. Run using 100% DCM to 20% MeOH in DCM gradient over 80 columnvolumes) to yield S4.13 as a sticky solid (19 mg, 30%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 11.34 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=3.3, 1H), 8.08 (br s, 1H), 7.69 (s,1H), 7.49-7.36 (m, 6H), 6.69 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 6.53 (d, J=3.3, 1H), 6.31(d, J=3.3, 1H), 4.65 (br s, 2H), 4.55 (apparent d, J=6.2, 2H), 4.47-4.43(m, 2H), 4.04 (br s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.34 (m,44H), 2.78 (dd, J=6.8, 15.1, 2H), 2.48 (t, J=6.8, 2H), 1.62 (t, J=8.3,1H). UPLC/HRMS (ESI+) calc'd for [M+H]⁺ C₅₅H₇₇N₈O₁₇S⁺ 1153.5122, found1153.5189.

(4.20) To a flame-dried flask containing S4.14 (19 mg, 0.016 mmol) inanhyd. MeOH (600 μL), added S4.15^(53, 54) (15.2 mg, 0.018 mmol, 1.12equiv) followed by DIPEA (0.5 μL), resulting in the formation of aprecipitate. Reaction was carefully monitored by UPLC/MS, and after 22hrs, starting material was consumed and desired mass was detected.Volatiles were removed and crude 4.20 was purified by reverse-phase HPLCwhere solvent A=30 mM Et₃N/AcOH in deionized water, adjusted to pH 6.8;B=MeCN (15-50% B over 46 min, 5 mL/min). Note if non-buffered eluentused (e.g. TFA or formic acid), acyl hydrazone bond hydrolyzes. Purefractions were immediately combined and lyophilized, resulting in pure(˜90%) 4.20 (4 mg, 12%) as a red sticky solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.50-11.27 (m, 1H), 10.48-10.16 (m, 1H), 8.25-8.17 (m, 1H), 8.17-8.09(m, 1H), 8.06-7.94 (m, 1H), 7.80-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.31 (m, 5H),6.73-6.61 (m, 1H), 6.56-6.42 (m, 1H), 6.34-6.23 (m, 1H), 5.57-5.42 (m,1H), 5.31-5.15 (m, 1H), 4.77-4.37 (m, 7H), 4.20-3.07 (m, 41H), 2.64-2.33(m, 6H), 1.78-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.36-1.25 (m, 2H). Note: sample contaminatedwith triethylammonium acetate salt. UPLC/HRMS (ESI+) calc'd for [M+H]⁺C₉₀H₁₁₅N₁₂O₃₀S⁺ 1875.7563 and 1876.7596, found 1875.8802 and 1876.8636.

UPLC/HRMS Hydrolytic Half-Life Analysis

In order to examine the hydrolytic stability of various cytotoxicconjugations, UPLC/MS was used to calculate half-life of CDM-H's in DPBSbuffer. A solution of test molecule (10 μM) was made in DPBS (Gibco) andincubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in LC/MS vials for a specified time. Therelative ratio of free doxorubicin:CDM-H was determined by integratingthe absorbance signal at a wavelength of 490 nm (absorbance maximum ofdoxorubicin) for doxorubicin and CDM-H, which elute at separate times,using Waters software. UPLC/MS method described in General Informationsection. Data fitted using one-phase decay model with GraphPad Prism.% CDM-H=[(Abs of CDM-H)/(Abs of Dox+Abs of CDM-H)]*100

Hydrolysis of CDM-H ester 4.19, as detected by UPLC/HR-MS.

Hydrolysis of CDM-H acyl hydrazone 4.20, as detected by UPLC/HR-MS.BiologyGeneral Information

All reagents and proteins used are commercially available and used asreceived unless otherwise noted. Unless otherwise noted, all micro-platebased assays were quantitated using a BioTek Synergy 3 Microplate readerand data was fitted and graphed using GraphPad Prism version 5.00 forWindows (GraphPad Software, San Diego Calif. USA, graphpad.com).

CD4 Inhibition ELISA

CD4 inhibition ELISAs were performed as described below. The ELISAresults for CDM-H 4.19 and 4.20 appear in attached FIG. 13 hereof.

This procedure was adapted from our previously reported protocol.¹ 96well plates (Nunc; Immuno) were coated overnight (12 hr) at 4° C. withsoluble recombinant HIV-1 gp120_(JRFL) (Immune Technology; Yonkers,N.Y.) at 1 μg/ml in Buffer C. Plates were washed with DPBS (Gibco, 1×100μL) and then blocked with Buffer A for 1 hr at room temperature. Afterwashing with Buffer B (3×100 μL), varying concentrations of theinhibitor (including a “no molecule” control) were added simultaneouslywith recombinant human T-cell CD4 (ImmunoDiagnostics, Inc; Woburn,Mass.) in Buffer A in triplicate so that the final concentration/well ofCD4 is 0.1 μg/mL and plates were incubated for 1 hr at room temperature.Plates were washed with Buffer B (3×100 μL) and then incubated withmouse OKT4 anti-CD4 IgG antibody (Biolegend; San Diego, Calif.) at 0.36μg/ml in Buffer A at RT for 1 hr. Following washes with Buffer B, plateswere incubated with horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goatanti-mouse antibody (1:2500; Biolegend; San Diego, Calif.). Followingwashes with Buffer B (3×100 μL), bound antibody was detected with3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Pierce Protein Research Products),the chromogenic substrate for HPR, and absorbance was read at 450 nmafter stopping reaction with 2N H₂SO₄ (100 μL). The mean (±SD) of thesetriplicate samples was then plotted versus inhibitor concentration and anon-linear fit curve was generated using GraphPad Prism. The 50%inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was defined as the concentration ofinhibitor to reduce the amount of bound CD4 to sgp120 by 50% of themaximum bound. Inhibitory assay was performed in triplicate at least twotimes for each molecule.

-   (1) Parker, C. G.; Domaoal, R. A.; Anderson, K. S.; Spiegel, D. A.,    An antibody-recruiting small molecule that targets HIV gp120. J Am    Chem Soc 2009, 131, 16392-4.    Cell Culture

Wild-type HIV-1 env expressing CHO-env cells and CHO-pSv (env negativeisogenic control) were a gift from Dr. Edward Berger (NIH), however,they were developed by Nicholas and coworkers.⁵⁵ CHO-pSv cells weregrown in DMEM base media described below while CHO-env cells were grownin selection medium, which consists of base medium containing 0.25 μMmethotrexate (MTX, Aldrich). *Note: Decrease in envelope expression inCHO-env cells was observed upon several passages and it is recommendedto maintain low passage stocks of cells in liquid nitrogen.

Base Media for CHO Cell Culture

-   -   DMEM—high glucose, glutamate, pyruvate (Gibco, cat #11995)    -   10% MEM-NEAA (Gibco)    -   HEPES buffer—10 mM final concentration    -   10% Heat inactivated FBS

All cells were cultured in a moist environment at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Cellswere grown in T-75 tissue culture flasks, and detached with 2.5 mMEDTA/0.5 mM EGTA in DPBS (Gibco) for passage. Cells counted by diluting10 μL of cell mixture into 90 μL of trypan blue dye, then counting usinghemocytometer. All centrifugation was performed at 1000 rpm.

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay (CellTiter Glo)

***Note: all incubations and dilutions in CHO-culture media (+MTX forCHO-env)

***All incubations performed in 96-well plates (clear bottom, blacksides; Costar#3603) in triplicate at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in moistenvironment.

*** CD4-PE generous gift from Edward Berger (NIH).

Seeding Plates

Confluent (˜80%) T-75 flasks of CHO-env and/or CHO-pSv were washed oncewith DPBS (3 mL), detached, counted and then centrifuged. Cell pelletswere aspirated and then resuspended in full growth media at a celldensity of 1.5E5 cells/mL, then aliquoted to 96-well plate (50 μL, 7.5E3cells/well), covered and incubated for 14 hr.

Addition of Test Compounds

Serial dilutions (1/6) of molecules made in empty 96-well plates usingmultichannel pipette, and then transferred to plates containing seededcells (50 μL). Negative control (no molecule) as well as maximum killingcontrol (2.5% Triton X) also prepared. Plates covered and incubated foreither 14 hr or 24 hr. Following incubation, 100 uL prepared CellTiterGlo reagent (Promega product#G7571) added as described by provided assayprotocol. Luminescence monitored on Biotek Synergy 2 microplate reader.

% cytotoxicity above background calculated by the following formulas:% CDC=[100−((sample−max kill)/(no molecule−max kill))*100]Sample means plotted using GraphPad Prism Software±standard deviation(SD).Cell Cytotoxicity Assay (xCELLigence)⁵⁶***Note: all incubations and dilutions in CHO-culture media (+MTX forCHO-env)***All incubations performed in E-plate 16 (Roche) in duplicate at 37°C., 5% CO₂ in moist environment.*** CD4-PE generous gift from Edward Berger (NIH).

The xCELLigence System (model RTCA-DP Roche; RTCA software v1.2) is atool designed to measure cell density, viability, and morphology in realtime via impedance measurements. Tissue culture wells are coated withgold electrodes, which forms a circuit when the well is filled withmedium. When a cell rests on the electrodes, impedance is increased andis related to a “cell index,” and cell indices increase as cells adhereto a greater fraction of the well (E-plate). Accordingly, a higher cellindex value indicates a higher viability, cell number, or a more spreadout morphology. When these cells die, they become detached, and as aresult, the cell indices decrease. Changes in cell indices can then beconverted to changes in cell viability:% specific killing=100−[(cell index)/(normal growth index)]×100Cell Preparation

Confluent (˜80%) T-75 flasks of CHO-env and/or CHO-pSv were washed oncewith DPBS (3 mL), detached, counted and then centrifuged. Cell pelletswere aspirated and then resuspended in full growth media at a celldensity of 1.25E5 cells/mL.

xCelligence Setup

In order to establish a background impedance of growth media, 200 μL ofrespective growth medium was added to all wells of E-plate andbackground reading was saved. Cells then aliquoted to E-plate (100 μL,12.5E3 cells/well), covered and incubated 22 hrs to established anexponential growth curve, scanning once every 15 minutes. In order toexamine the cytotoxicity of test compounds, 100 μL of media carefullyremoved from E-plates containing attached cells and replaced with either100 μL of fresh media containing vehicle (i.e. DMSO) or 100 μL mediacontaining 20 μM of test compound (or 2 μg/mL CD4-PE). The cellularindices were then monitored over 120 hrs, scanning once every 15 minuteinterval. To wells receiving undergoing “recycling” or receivingmultiple additions, 100 μL of solution was removed and replenished withfresh media containing compound or vehicle. The raw raw xCelligence dataof CDM-Hs 4.19 and 4.20, doxorubicin (4.18) and CD4-PE when incubatedwith CHO-env (gp120+) and CHO-pSv (gp120−) cells appears in FIG. 17hereof.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy

***Note: all incubations and dilutions in CHO-culture media (+MTX forCHO-env)

***All incubations performed in duplicate at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in moistenvironment.

Confluent (˜80%) T-75 flasks of CHO-env and/or CHO-pSv were washed oncewith DPBS (3 mL), detached, counted and then centrifuged. Cell pelletswere aspirated and then resuspended in full growth media at a celldensity of 1.5E5 cells/mL. Cell suspension then aliquoted (300 μL, 3E5cells/well) to wells of 8-well slide chamber (LabTek, #12565470, 15411).Cells then allowed to adhere and grow to confluency (˜80%), which takesapproximately 40 hrs. Media carefully aspirated and cells were gentlywashed with DPBS (300 μL) to remove dead cells. Media containing testmolecule (CDM-H or doxorubicin, 10 μM) was added to cells and incubatedfor 1 hr. Media carefully aspirated and cells were gently washed withDPBS (300 μL). Media containing LysoTracker Blue fluorescent dye(Invitrogen, cat#L7525), or nothing, was added to cells and incubated inaccordance with protocol provided. Media carefully aspirated and cellswere gently washed with DPBS (300 μL), then resuspended in media andfluorescence micrographs were taken with a Zeiss Axiovert 200Mfluorescence microscope equipped with Cy3 and DAPI filter sets. Note:for time-course experiments, media containing test molecules notremoved, and images were taken over time period. FIG. 16 shows thefluorescence micrographs when CDM-H 4.20 or doxorubicin (4.18) isincubated with CHO-env cells after 10 min (A-B) or 20 hrs (C-D) andCHO-pSv cells (E-H). Formation of fluorescent particles, specificallyafter long incubation periods, suggests the formation of micelles.

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

Dynamic light scattering is an analytical tool that can be used todetermine the size distribution profile of small particles in solution.When light hits particles in solution, it scatters in all directions,resulting in a time-dependent fluctuation in the scattering intensity.This fluctuation is due to the fact that the small molecules in solutionare undergoing Brownian motion, and so the distance between scatteringsin the solution is constantly changing with time. It is from thisfluctuation in intensity from which information about the dynamic timescale of movement and size can be obtained. How rapidly the intensityfluctuates over time is represented by an autocorrelation function. Atshort time intervals, the correlation is high because the particles donot move significantly from the initial state that they were in. The twosignals are thus essentially unchanged when compared after only a veryshort time interval. As the time intervals of measurement become longer,the correlation decays exponentially, meaning that, after a long timeperiod has elapsed, there is no correlation between the scatteredintensity of the initial and final states. This exponential decay isrelated to the motion of the particles, specifically to the diffusioncoefficient. Thus, particles that are larger will have slower movements,thus at longer times, there will be more correlation between thescattered intensity of the initial and final states, as compared tosmaller particles.⁵⁷

The Yale School of Medicine Keck facility possesses a DLS instrument intheir Biophysical Resource Laboratory. As a preliminary confirmationthat CDM-H 4.20 is forming aggregates in a concentration dependentmanner and at the concentrations used in the described cytotoxicityassays, we examined its scattering profile in collaboration with EwaFolta-Stogniew at the Keck center. Thus, following protocols provided bythe resource center, we performed DLS experiments of 4.20 in DPBS atvarious concentrations. As shown in Figure S4.7, there is a significantincrease in autocorrelation as a function of concentration. In addition,at longer time intervals, there is significantly higher autocorrelationsat higher concentrations of 4.20 than at lower concentrations,suggesting that at higher concentrations, aggregation is taking place.These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that 4.20 isindeed forming aggregates and, thus, further investigation and/oroptimization of 4.20 (in order to circumnavigate aggregation) iswarranted. FIG. 18 shows the preliminary dynamic light scattering (DLS)experiment to detect aggregate formation.

SUMMARY

The present invention meets the strategic need for a new treatment forHIV infection by providing bifunctional small molecules generallyreferred to as ARM-HI's which function through orthogonal pathways—bothby inhibition the gp120-CD4 interaction, and by recruiting anti-DNPantibodies to gp120-expressing cells—in preventing the cell infectionand spread of HIV. It is shown that: ARM-HI's according to the presentinvention exhibit substantially greater activity than ARM-H compoundspreviously published.

The present antiviral approach has distinct advantages over othersmall-molecule, protein, and vaccine-based anti-HIV strategies.

Although the human immune response has been demonstrated to generateneutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies around which the virus does noteffectively mutate, vaccine-based approaches toward inducing suchantibodies in human hosts have not yet proven successful. In theory,although the HIV virus mutates extremely rapidly in human hosts, sinceit must retain CD4-binding activity in order to remain infectious,antibody-recruiting small molecules that mimic the CD4 recognition motifsuch as the ARM-HI's of the invention have the hope of serving the samefunctional role as neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies. Furthermore, assmall molecules, these materials likely possess substantial advantagesover protein-based therapeutics including low propensity forimmunogenicity, high metabolic stability, ready large-scale production,and relatively low cost.

The evidence suggests that a cellular immune response is necessary forviral inactivation in vivo, and the bifunctional small molecules of theinvention have been shown to directly target gp120-expressing particlesto macrophages and neutophils.

This approach to antiviral therapy is also ideal as a prophylactic, asthe bifunctional compound are not be expected to have any significantadverse side effects, being only active when virus is present.

The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, andpublications, and electronically available material (including, forinstance, nucleotide sequence submissions in, e.g., GenBank and RefSeq,and amino acid sequence submissions in, e.g., SwissProt, PIR, PRF, PDB,and translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank and RefSeq)cited herein are incorporated by reference. Any inconsistency betweenthe material incorporated by reference and the material set for in thespecification as originally filed shall be resolved in favor of thespecification as originally filed. The foregoing detailed descriptionand examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. Nounnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention isnot limited to the exact details shown and described, for variationsobvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the inventiondefined by the following claims.

All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not beused to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unlessso specified.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound according to the chemical structure:

Where X₂ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl or halogen;

is

W or W′ is each independently H, —(CH₂)_(n″)OH, —(CH₂)_(n″)COOH, —(CH₂)_(n″)O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), NO₂, CN or halogen; n and n′ are each independently 2-8; Each n″ is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; i is 0 or 1; [LL] is a labile linker according to the chemical structure:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in this labile linker is from 0 to 10; X is O, N—R^(AL) or S; R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group; Y is O or S and Z=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen groups and where said Ph group may be further optionally substituted with OMe or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group which itself may be substituted with up to three halogens; or [LL] is a group according to the chemical formula:

and R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group and n in this labile linker is from 0 to 10; or [LL] is an enzymatically cleaved labile linker according to the chemical structure:

Where the protease substrate is a peptide containing from 2 to 50 amino acid units, and R is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene group; and n in this labile linker is from 0 to 10; or [LL] is a group according to the chemical structure:

Where the points of attachment in each of the labile linkers as indicated are joined to other portions of the molecule as indicated; [NLL] when present is a (poly)ethylene glycol linker of from 2 to 8 ethylene glycol units, or [NLL] is a group:

where each X^(S) is independently S, O or N—R^(S); R^(S) is H or C₁₋₃ alkyl; S_(c) is CH₂; CH₂O; or CH₂CH₂O; i is 0 or 1; and m^(S) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and [CYT] is a group according to the chemical structure:

wherein X is a group —NR^(1N)—, —NR^(1N)CO—, —O—, —CH₂—, —S—, —OCONH— or —NHCONH— where R^(1N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionally substituted with one or two hydroxyl groups, and the symbol

signifies a chemical attachment point of the cytotoxic moiety to a labile linker which is linked through X, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisiomer thereof.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 which is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
 3. The compound according to claim 2 wherein CYT is doxorubicin or daunorubicin.
 4. The compound according to claim 3 wherein CYT is doxorubicin.
 5. The compound according to claim 3 wherein CYT is daunorubicin.
 6. A compound according to the chemical structure:

or the free amine or alternative pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 7. A compound according to claim 6 having the chemical structure:

or the free amine or alternative pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 8. A compound of claim 6 having the chemical structure:

or the free amine or alternative pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 2 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 3 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 4 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 5 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 6 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 7 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 8 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
 17. The composition according to claim 9 further comprising a latent HIV activator selected from the group consisting of prostratin, bradystatin 1, bryostatin 1, bryostatin 2, IL-7, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, a DNA methylation inhibitor, a compound according to the chemical structure:

where X and Y are H, X is OH and Y is H, X is OAc and Y is H or X is OAc and Y is OH; a compound according to the chemical structure:

where X and Y are H, X is OAc and Y is H or X is OAc and Y is OH, or a mixture thereof.
 18. The composition according to claim 10 further comprising a latent HIV activator selected from the group consisting of prostratin, bradystatin 1, bryostatin 1, bryostatin 2, IL-7, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, a DNA methylation inhibitor, a compound according to the chemical structure:

where X and Y are H, X is OH and Y is H, X is OAc and Y is H or X is OAc and Y is OH; a compound according to the chemical structure:

where X and Y are H, X is OAc and Y is H or X is OAc and Y is OH, or a mixture thereof.
 19. The composition according to claim 17 wherein said histone deacetylase inhibitor is vorinostat.
 20. The composition according to claim 18 wherein said histone deacetylase inhibitor is vorinostat.
 21. The composition according to claim 17 wherein said DNA methylation inhibitor is decitabine.
 22. The composition according to claim 18 wherein said DNA methylation inhibitor is decitabine.
 23. The composition according to claim 9 wherein said composition further comprises an effective amount of an additional anti-HIV agent.
 24. The composition according to claim 10 wherein said composition further comprises an effective amount of an additional anti-HIV agent.
 25. The composition according to claim 17 wherein said composition further comprises an effective amount of an additional anti-HIV agent.
 26. The composition according to claim 18 wherein said composition further comprises an effective amount of an additional anti-HIV agent.
 27. The composition according to claim 23 wherein said additional anti-HIV agent is selected from the group consisting of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucloeoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and fusion inhibitors.
 28. The composition according to claim 24 wherein said additional anti-HIV agent is selected from the group consisting of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucloeoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and fusion inhibitors.
 29. The composition according to claim 23 wherein said additional anti-HIV agent is selected from the group consisting of Amprenivir, Abacavir, Acemannan, Acyclovir, AD-439, AD-519, Adefovir dipivoxil, Alpha Interferon, Ansamycin, 097, AR 177, Beta-fluoro-ddA, BMS-232623 (CGP-73547), BMS-234475 (CGP-61755), CI-1012, Cidofovir, Curdlan sulfate, Cytomegalovirus Immune globin, Ganciclovir, Dideoxyinosine, DMP-450, Efavirenz (DMP-266), EL10, Famciclovir, FTC, GS 840, HBY097, Hypericin, Recombinant Human Interferon Beta, Interferon alfa-n3, Indinavir, ISIS-2922, KNI-272, Lamivudine (3TC), Lobucavir, Nelfinavir, Nevirapine, Novapren, Peptide T Octapeptide Sequence, Trisodium Phosphonoformate, PNU-140690, Probucol, RBC-CD4, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Valaciclovir, Virazole Ribavirin, VX-478, Zalcitabine, Zidovudine (AZT), Tenofovir diisoproxil fumarate salt, Combivir, Abacavir succinate, T-20), AS-101, Bropirimine, CL246, EL10, FP-21399, Gamma Interferon, Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), HIV Core Particle Immunostimulant, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Immune Globulin Intravenous, IMREG-1, IMREG-2, Imuthiol Diethyl Dithio Carbamate, Alpha-2 Interferon, Methionine-Enkephalin, MTP-PE (Muramyl-Tripeptide), Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF), Remune, rCD4 (Recombinant Soluble Human CD4-IgG), rCD4-IgG Hybrids, Recombinant Soluble Human CD4, Interferon Alfa 2a, SK&F1-6528, Soluble T4, Thymopentin, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), AK602, Alovudine, Amdoxovir, AMD070, Atazanavir (Reyataz), AVX754 (apricitabine), Bevirimat, BI-201, BMS-378806, BMS-488043, BMS-707035, C31G, Carbopol 974P, Calanolide A, Carrageenan, Cellulose sulfate, Cyanovirin-N, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine (Videx), Efavirenz, Elvucitabine, Emtricitabine, Fosamprenavir (Lexiva), Fozivudine tidoxil, GS 9137, GSK-873,140 (aplaviroc), GSK-364735, GW640385 (brecanavir), HG0004, HGTV43, INCB9471, KP-1461, Lopinavir, Mifepristone (VGX410), MK-0518, PPL-100, PRO 140, PRO 542, PRO 2000, Racivir, SCH-D (vicriviroc), SPO1A, SPL7013, TAK-652, Tipranavir (Aptivus), TNX-355, TMC125 (etravirine), UC-781, UK-427,857 (Maraviroc), Valproic acid, VRX496, Zalcitabine, Valganciclovir, Clindamycin with Primaquine, Fluconazole Pastille, Nystatin Pastille, Eflornithine, Pentamidine, Isethionate, Trimethoprim, Trimethoprim/sulfa, Piritrexim, Pentamidine isethionate, Spiramycin, Intraconazole-R51211, Trimetrexate, Daunorubicin, Recombinant Human Erythropoietin, Recombinant Human Growth Hormone, Megestrol Acetate, Testosterone, Aldesleukin (Proleukin), Amphotericin B, Azithromycin (Zithromax), Calcium hydroxyapatite, Doxorubicin, Dronabinol, Entecavir, Epoetin alfa, Etoposide, Fluconazole, Isoniazid, Itraconazole (Sporanox), Megestrol, Paclitaxel (Taxol), Peginterferon alfa-2, Poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra), Rifabutin (Mycobutin), Rifampin, Somatropin and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim.
 30. The composition according to claim 24 wherein said additional anti-HIV agent is selected from the group consisting of 3TC (Lamivudine), AZT (Zidovudine), (−)-FTC, ddl (Didanosine), ddC (zalcitabine), abacavir (ABC), tenofovir (PMPA), D-D4FC (Reverset), D4T (Stavudine), Racivir, L-FddC, L-FD4C, NVP (Nevirapine), DLV (Delavirdine), EFV (Efavirenz), SQVM (Saquinavir mesylate), RTV (Ritonavir), IDV (Indinavir), SQV (Saquinavir), NFV (Nelfinavir), APV (Amprenavir), LPV (Lopinavir), T20, fuseon and mixtures thereof.
 31. The composition according to claim 9 in oral dosage form.
 32. The composition according to claim 9 in parenteral dosage form.
 33. The composition according to claim 9 in topical dosage form.
 34. The composition according to claim 32 wherein said parenteral dosage form is an intravenous dosage form.
 35. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 9. 36. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 10. 37. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 17. 38. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 18. 39. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 29. 40. A method of treating an HIV infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 30. 41. The method according to claim 35 wherein an active compound in said composition inhibits entry of HIV into a target cell by binding to a gp120 envelope protein thereof, and recruits antibodies to form a tertiary complex for attacking the bound HIV, leading to HIV and/or cell death.
 42. The method according to claim 37 wherein an active compound in said composition inhibits entry of HIV into a target cell by binding to a gp120 envelope protein thereof, and recruits antibodies to form a tertiary complex for attacking the bound HIV, leading to HIV and/or cell death.
 43. A method of reducing the likelihood of an HIV infection in a patient at risk for an HIV infection comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 9. 44. The method according to claim 42 wherein said composition is topically administered to said patient in an area at risk for HIV infection.
 45. A method of reducing the likelihood of AIDS or ARC in a patient infected with HIV comprising administering to said patient at risk for AIDS or ARC an effective amount of a composition according to claim
 9. 46. A method of reducing or abolishing HIV infected CD cells in a patient comprising administering to an HIV infected patient an effective amount of a composition according to claim
 9. 47. A method of inhibiting or abolishing HIV in a patient comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a composition according to claim
 9. 